Articles

Comparative virology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first discovered human retrovirus and the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Shortly aft...

Authors: Michael P. Martinez, Jacob Al-Saleem and Patrick L. Green

Correction to: CCR5 editing by Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in human primary CD4⁺ T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells promotes HIV-1 resistance and CD4⁺ T cell enrichment in humanized mice

Following publication of their article [1], the authors realized that they inadvertently omitted the contribution of Dr. Li Wu (Ohio State University) who commented on the manuscript at the early stage of the ...

Authors: Qiaoqiao Xiao, Shuliang Chen, Qiankun Wang, Zhepeng Liu, Shuai Liu, Huan Deng, Wei Hou, Dongcheng Wu, Yong Xiong, Jiafu Li and Deyin Guo

On the generation of the MSD-Ѱ class of defective HIV proviruses

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively suppress ongoing HIV replication and block disease progression, but the infection is never cured due to the persistence of a small pool of latently infected cells h...

Authors: Atze T. Das, Alexander O. Pasternak and Ben Berkhout

The autophagy protein ATG9A promotes HIV-1 infectivity

Nef is a multifunctional accessory protein encoded by HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV that plays critical roles in viral pathogenesis, contributing to viral replication, assembly, budding, infectivity and immune evasion,...

Authors: Elodie Mailler, Abdul A. Waheed, Sang-Yoon Park, David C. Gershlick, Eric O. Freed and Juan S. Bonifacino

NNRTI-induced HIV-1 protease-mediated cytotoxicity induces rapid death of CD4 T cells during productive infection and latency reversal

Current efforts towards HIV-1 eradication focus on the reactivation and elimination of the latent viral reservoir, so-called shock and kill therapy. However, work from several groups indicates that infected ce...

Authors: Benjamin Trinité, Hongtao Zhang and David N. Levy

Fused in sarcoma silences HIV gene transcription and maintains viral latency through suppressing AFF4 gene activation

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cell reservoir is currently a main obstacle towards complete eradication of the virus. This infected pool is refractory to anti-viral therapy and harbors integrated provi...

Authors: Simona Krasnopolsky, Lital Marom, Rachel A. Victor, Alona Kuzmina, Jacob C. Schwartz, Koh Fujinaga and Ran Taube

CCR5 editing by Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in human primary CD4⁺ T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells promotes HIV-1 resistance and CD4⁺ T cell enrichment in humanized mice

The chemokine receptor CCR5, which belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, is the major co-receptor for HIV-1 entry. Individuals with a homozygous CCR5Δ32 mutation have a long lasting and incre...

Authors: Qiaoqiao Xiao, Shuliang Chen, Qiankun Wang, Zhepeng Liu, Shuai Liu, Huan Deng, Wei Hou, Dongcheng Wu, Yong Xiong, Jiafu Li and Deyin Guo

Bovine leukemia virus proviral load is more strongly associated with bovine major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3 polymorphism than with DQA1 polymorphism in Holstein cow in Japan

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis and is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus. Bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLAs) are used extensively as markers of disease ...

Authors: Shin-nosuke Takeshima, Ayumu Ohno and Yoko Aida

Effect of transcription inhibition and generation of suppressive viral non-coding RNAs

HIV-1 patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) survive infection but require life-long adherence at high expense. In chronic cART-treated patients with undetectable viral titers, cell-assoc...

Authors: Daniel O. Pinto, Tristan A. Scott, Catherine DeMarino, Michelle L. Pleet, Thy T. Vo, Mohammed Saifuddin, Dmytro Kovalskyy, James Erickson, Maria Cowen, Robert A. Barclay, Chen Zeng, Marc S. Weinberg and Fatah Kashanchi

Interaction of HIV-1 integrase with polypyrimidine tract binding protein and associated splicing factor (PSF) and its impact on HIV-1 replication

The different interactions between viral proteins and cellular host proteins are required for efficient replication of HIV-1. Various reports implicated host cellular proteins as a key factor that either inter...

Authors: Pooja Yadav, Souvik Sur, Dipen Desai, Smita Kulkarni, Vartika Sharma and Vibha Tandon

Low-level alternative tRNA priming of reverse transcription of HIV-1 and SIV in vivo

Reverse transcription (RT) of HIV and SIV is initiated by the binding of the acceptor stem of tRNA^Lys3 to the primer binding site (PBS) of the viral RNA genome. Previous studies have suggested that this tRNA^Lys3 ...

Authors: Christine M. Fennessey, Celine Camus, Taina T. Immonen, Carolyn Reid, Frank Maldarelli, Jeffrey D. Lifson and Brandon F. Keele

Functional analysis of the secondary HIV-1 capsid binding site in the host protein cyclophilin A

Efficient HIV-1 replication depends on interaction of the viral capsid with the host protein cyclophilin A (CypA). CypA, a peptidylprolyl isomerase, binds to an exposed loop in the viral CA protein via the enz...

Authors: Wang Peng, Jiong Shi, Chantal L. Márquez, Derrick Lau, James Walsh, K. M. Rifat Faysal, Chang H. Byeon, In-Ja L. Byeon, Christopher Aiken and Till Böcking

Analysis of herpes simplex type 1 gB, gD, and gH/gL on production of infectious HIV-1: HSV-1 gD restricts HIV-1 by exclusion of HIV-1 Env from maturing viral particles

We previously showed that the gM of HSV-1 could restrict the release of infectious HIV-1 from cells. In this study, we analyzed if the four HSV-1 glycoproteins (gD, gB, and gH/gL), which are the minimum glycop...

Authors: Sachith Polpitiya Arachchige, Wyatt Henke, Maria Kalamvoki and Edward B. Stephens

Impact of LEDGIN treatment during virus production on residual HIV-1 transcription

Persistence of latent, replication-competent provirus is the main impediment towards the cure of HIV infection. One of the critical questions concerning HIV latency is the role of integration site selection in...

Authors: Gerlinde Vansant, Lenard S. Vranckx, Irena Zurnic, Dominique Van Looveren, Paulien Van de Velde, Christopher Nobles, Rik Gijsbers, Frauke Christ and Zeger Debyser

Obituary: Jonas Blomberg (1944–2019)

Authors: Patrik Medstrand and Patric Jern

Origin and recent expansion of an endogenous gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids

Vertebrate genomes contain a record of retroviruses that invaded the germlines of ancestral hosts and are passed to offspring as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs can impact host function since they contain...

Authors: Julia V. Halo, Amanda L. Pendleton, Abigail S. Jarosz, Robert J. Gifford, Malika L. Day and Jeffrey M. Kidd

Hypericin-photodynamic therapy inhibits the growth of adult T-cell leukemia cells through induction of apoptosis and suppression of viral transcription

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL carries a poor prognosis due to chemotherapy resistance. Thus, it is urgent to develop new treat...

Authors: Lingling Xu, Xueqing Zhang, Wenzhao Cheng, Yong Wang, Kaining Yi, Zhilong Wang, Yiling Zhang, Linxiang Shao and Tiejun Zhao

Replication competence of virions induced from CD4+ lymphocytes latently infected with HIV

Latently infected CD4 lymphocytes preclude cure of HIV infection, even with the most effective antiretroviral therapy. The replication competent latent HIV reservoir has been quantified with the terminal dilut...

Authors: Douglas D. Richman, Karissa Huang, Steven M. Lada, Xiaoying Sun, Sonia Jain, Marta Massanella and Bryson Menke

Host mRNA decay proteins influence HIV-1 replication and viral gene expression in primary monocyte-derived macrophages

Mammalian cells harbour RNA quality control and degradative machineries such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay that target cellular mRNAs for clearance from the cell to avoid aberrant gene expression. The role o...

Authors: Shringar Rao, Raquel Amorim, Meijuan Niu, Yann Breton, Michel J. Tremblay and Andrew J. Mouland

Sequential trafficking of Env and Gag to HIV-1 T cell virological synapses revealed by live imaging

HIV infection is enhanced by cell adhesions that form between infected and uninfected T cells called virological synapses (VS). VS are initiated by an interaction between Env and CD4 on cell surfaces and resul...

Authors: Lili Wang, Sudeh Izadmehr, Edwin Kamau, Xiang-Peng Kong and Benjamin K. Chen

Clonal anergy of CD117⁺chB6⁺ B cell progenitors induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J is associated with immunological tolerance

The pathogenesis of immunological tolerance caused by avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), an oncogenic retrovirus, is largely unknown.

Authors: Shuhai He, Gaoying Zheng, Defang Zhou, Gen Li, Mingjun Zhu, Xusheng Du, Jing Zhou and Ziqiang Cheng

Characterization update of HIV-1 M subtypes diversity and proposal for subtypes A and D sub-subtypes reclassification

The large and constantly evolving HIV-1 pandemic has led to an increasingly complex diversity. Because of some taxonomic difficulties among the most diverse HIV-1 subtypes, and taking advantage of the large am...

Authors: Nathalie Désiré, Lorenzo Cerutti, Quentin Le Hingrat, Marine Perrier, Stefan Emler, Vincent Calvez, Diane Descamps, Anne-Geneviève Marcelin, Stéphane Hué and Benoit Visseaux

The role of exosomal transport of viral agents in persistent HIV pathogenesis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite great advances in antiretroviral therapy, remains a lifelong affliction. Though current treatment regimens can effectively suppress viral load to undetecta...

Authors: Benjamin J. Patters and Santosh Kumar

Natural APOBEC3C variants can elicit differential HIV-1 restriction activity

The APOBEC3 (A3) family of DNA cytosine deaminases provides an innate barrier to infection by retroviruses including HIV-1. A total of five enzymes, A3C, A3D, A3F, A3G and A3H, are degraded by the viral access...

Authors: Brett D. Anderson, Terumasa Ikeda, Seyed Arad Moghadasi, Amber St. Martin, William L. Brown and Reuben S. Harris

Lipid levels, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk over 96 weeks of antiretroviral therapy: a randomised controlled trial comparing low-dose stavudine and tenofovir

HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment are associated with changes in lipid levels, insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated these changes in the first 96 weeks of treat...

Authors: Alinda G. Vos, Matthew F. Chersich, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Peter Zuithoff, Michelle A. Moorhouse, Samanta T. Lalla-Edward, Andrew Kambugu, N. Kumarasamy, Diederick E. Grobbee, Roos E. Barth and Willem D. Venter

Reduction of inflammation and T cell activation after 6 months of cART initiation during acute, but not in early chronic HIV-1 infection

To investigate the impact of early combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on inflammation biomarkers and immune activation during acute and early chronic HIV-1 infection.

Authors: Hury Hellen Souza de Paula, Ana Cristina Garcia Ferreira, Diogo Gama Caetano, Edson Delatorre, Sylvia Lopes Maia Teixeira, Lara Esteves Coelho, Eduarda Grinsztejn João, Michelle Morata de Andrade, Sandra Wagner Cardoso, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso, Mariza Gonçalves Morgado, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães and Fernanda Heloise Côrtes

MBL2 gene polymorphisms in HHV-8 infection in people living with HIV/AIDS

Host genetic factors such as MBL2 gene polymorphisms cause defects in the polymerization of MBL protein and result in a functional deficiency and/or in low serum levels that can influence susceptibility to variou...

Authors: Viviane Martha Santos de Morais, Elker Lene Santos de Lima, Georgea Gertrudes de Oliveira Mendes Cahú, Thaisa Regina Rocha Lopes, Juliana Prado Gonçales, Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz and Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho

HIV-1 immunogens and strategies to drive antibody responses towards neutralization breadth

Despite enormous efforts no HIV-1 vaccine has been developed that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against infection to date. The high antigenic diversity and dense N-linked glycan armor...

Authors: Jelle van Schooten and Marit J. van Gils

Antibody-mediated prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection

Novel broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV-1 hold promise for their use in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Pre-clinical results have encouraged the evaluation of these antibodies in h...

Authors: Henning Gruell and Florian Klein

Distinct gene expression signatures induced by viral transactivators of different HTLV-1 subgroups that confer a different risk of HAM/TSP

Among human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals, there is an association between HTLV-1 tax subgroups (subgroup-A or subgroup-B) and the risk of HAM/TSP in the Japanese population. To inves...

Authors: Tadasuke Naito, Jun-ichirou Yasunaga, Yuichi Mitobe, Kazumasa Shirai, Hiroe Sejima, Hiroshi Ushirogawa, Yuetsu Tanaka, Tatsufumi Nakamura, Kousuke Hanada, Masahiro Fujii, Masao Matsuoka and Mineki Saito

The role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. Although most cells infected with HIV are rapidly eliminated in vi...

Authors: Elizabeth M. Anderson and Frank Maldarelli

The expanding array of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies

A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identi...

Authors: Laura E. McCoy

Host SAMHD1 protein restricts endogenous reverse transcription of HIV-1 in nondividing macrophages

SAM domain and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a host anti-HIV-1 restriction factor known to suppress viral reverse transcription in nondividing myeloid cells by its dNTP triphosphorylase activity t...

Authors: Bijan Mahboubi, Christina Gavegnano, Dong-Hyun Kim, Raymond F. Schinazi and Baek Kim

Friend retrovirus infection induces the development of memory-like natural killer cells

Traditionally, NK cells belong to the innate immune system and eliminate virus-infected cells through their germline-encoded receptors. However, NK cells were recently reported to possess memory-like functions...

Authors: Elisabeth Littwitz-Salomon, Thanh Nguyen, Simone Schimmer and Ulf Dittmer

RNA-induced epigenetic silencing inhibits HIV-1 reactivation from latency

Current antiretroviral therapy is effective in controlling HIV-1 infection. However, cessation of therapy is associated with rapid return of viremia from the viral reservoir. Eradicating the HIV-1 reservoir ha...

Authors: Catalina Méndez, Scott Ledger, Kathy Petoumenos, Chantelle Ahlenstiel and Anthony D. Kelleher

Adeno-associated virus gene delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies as prevention and therapy against HIV-1

Vectored gene delivery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a promising alternative to conventional vaccines for preventing new HIV-1 infections a...

Authors: Allen Lin and Alejandro B. Balazs

Cellular RelB interacts with the transactivator Tat and enhance HIV-1 expression

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein plays an essential role in HIV-1 gene transcription. Tat transactivates HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed gene expression through direct interact...

Authors: Meng Wang, Wei Yang, Yu Chen, Jian Wang, Juan Tan and Wentao Qiao

Potent suppression of HIV-1 cell attachment by Kudzu root extract

There is a constant need to improve antiretrovirals against HIV since therapy is limited by cost, side effects and the emergence of drug resistance. Kudzu is a climbing vine from which the root extract (Pueraria ...

Authors: S. Mediouni, J. A. Jablonski, S. Tsuda, A. Richard, C. Kessing, M. V. Andrade, A. Biswas, Y. Even, T. Tellinghuisen, H. Choe, M. Cameron, M. Stevenson and S. T. Valente

Stabilizing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers to induce neutralizing antibodies

An effective HIV-1 vaccine probably will need to be able to induce broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) in order to be efficacious. The many bNAbs that have been isolated from HIV-1 infected patients ...

Authors: Alba Torrents de la Peña and Rogier W. Sanders

Next-generation sequencing analyses of the emergence and maintenance of mutations in CTL epitopes in HIV controllers with differential viremia control

Despite the low level of viral replication in HIV controllers (HICs), studies have reported viral mutations related to escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in HIV-1 plasma sequences. Thus, evaluat...

Authors: Diogo Gama Caetano, Fernanda Heloise Côrtes, Gonzalo Bello, Sylvia Lopes Maia Teixeira, Brenda Hoagland, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães and Mariza Gonçalves Morgado

Proceedings of the Frontiers in Retrovirology Conference 2018

Authors:

Development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 infected elite neutralizers

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), able to prevent viral entry by diverse global viruses, are a major focus of HIV vaccine design, with data from animal studies confirming their ability to prevent HIV in...

Authors: Elise Landais and Penny L. Moore

Engineering multi-specific antibodies against HIV-1

As increasing numbers of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HIV-1 enter clinical trials, it is becoming evident that combinations of mAbs are necessary to block infection by the diverse ...

Authors: Neal N. Padte, Jian Yu, Yaoxing Huang and David D. Ho

Nomenclature for endogenous retrovirus (ERV) loci

Retroviral integration into germline DNA can result in the formation of a vertically inherited proviral sequence called an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). Over the course of their evolution, vertebrate genomes ha...

Authors: Robert J. Gifford, Jonas Blomberg, John M. Coffin, Hung Fan, Thierry Heidmann, Jens Mayer, Jonathan Stoye, Michael Tristem and Welkin E. Johnson

Importance of Fc-mediated functions of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies

Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) exhibit an impressive capacity to protect against chimeric SIV-HIV (SHIV) challenges in macaques and potently reduce viremia in both SHIV-infected macaques an...

Authors: Matthew S. Parsons, Amy W. Chung and Stephen J. Kent

Promoter expression of HERV-K (HML-2) provirus-derived sequences is related to LTR sequence variation and polymorphic transcription factor binding sites

Increased transcription of the human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-K (HML-2) is often seen during disease. Although the mechanism of its tissue-specific activation is unclear, research shows that LTR CpG hy...

Authors: Meagan Montesion, Zachary H. Williams, Ravi P. Subramanian, Charlotte Kuperwasser and John M. Coffin

Selective resistance profiles emerging in patient-derived clinical isolates with cabotegravir, bictegravir, dolutegravir, and elvitegravir

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are recommended for first-line HIV therapy based on their relatively high genetic barrier to resistance. Although raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) resistan...

Authors: Maureen Oliveira, Ruxandra-Ilinca Ibanescu, Kaitlin Anstett, Thibault Mésplède, Jean-Pierre Routy, Marjorie A. Robbins and Bluma G. Brenner

The role of follicular helper CD4 T cells in the development of HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibody responses

The induction of HIV-1-specific antibodies that can neutralize a broad number of isolates is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccination strategies. However, to date no candidate HIV-1 vaccine has successfully elicited ...

Authors: Eirini Moysi, Constantinos Petrovas and Richard A. Koup

Broadly neutralizing antibodies: What is needed to move from a rare event in HIV-1 infection to vaccine efficacy?

The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is considered crucial for an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Led by the discovery of a new generation of potent bnAbs, the field has significantl...

Authors: Harini Subbaraman, Merle Schanz and Alexandra Trkola

HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and broadly neutralizing antibodies

HIV-1 spreads through contacts between infected and target cells. Polarized viral budding at the contact site forms the virological synapse. Additional cellular processes, such as nanotubes, filopodia, virus a...

Authors: Jérémy Dufloo, Timothée Bruel and Olivier Schwartz