Articles

An emerging and variant viral promoter of HIV-1 subtype C exhibits low-level gene expression noise

We observe the emergence of several promoter-variant viral strains in India during recent years. The variant viral promoters contain additional copies of transcription factor binding sites present in the viral...

Authors: Haider Ali, Disha Bhange, Kavita Mehta, Yuvrajsinh Gohil, Harshit Kumar Prajapati, Siddappa N. Byrareddy, Shilpa Buch and Udaykumar Ranga

Cocaine augments neuro-inflammation via modulating extracellular vesicle release in HIV-1 infected immune cells

Extracellular Vesicles (EV) recently have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 syndromes, including neuroinflammation and HIV-1 associated neurological disorder (HAND). Cocaine, an illicit stimulant dr...

Authors: Manojkumar Narayanan, Rutuja Kulkarni, Shuxian Jiang, Fatah Kashanchi and Anil Prasad

Derivation and characterization of an HIV-1 mutant that rescues IP₆ binding deficiency

A critical step in the HIV-1 replication cycle is the assembly of Gag proteins to form virions at the plasma membrane. Virion assembly and maturation are facilitated by the cellular polyanion inositol hexaphos...

Authors: Daniel Poston, Trinity Zang and Paul Bieniasz

Co-receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of neuroHIV

The HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are necessary for HIV entry into target cells, interacting with the HIV envelope protein, gp120, to initiate several signaling cascades thought to be important to the entr...

Authors: E. A. Nickoloff-Bybel, L. Festa, O. Meucci and P. J. Gaskill

Functional analysis of a monoclonal antibody reactive against the C1C2 of Env obtained from a patient infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG

Recent data suggest the importance of non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in the development of vaccines against HIV-1 because two types of nnAbs that recognize the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and the C1C2...

Authors: Hasan Md Zahid, Takeo Kuwata, Shokichi Takahama, Yu Kaku, Shashwata Biswas, Kaho Matsumoto, Hirokazu Tamamura and Shuzo Matsushita

Impact of HIV-1 CRF55_01B infection on the evolution of CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load in men who have sex with men prior to antiretroviral therapy

CRF55_01B is a newly identified HIV-1 circulating recombinant form originated from MSM in China. However, its impact on the disease progression and transmission risk has not been investigated. This study aimed...

Authors: Lan Wei, Hao Li, Xing Lv, Chenli Zheng, Guilian Li, Zhengrong Yang, Lin Chen, Xiaoxu Han, Huachun Zou, Yanxiao Gao, Jinquan Cheng, Hui Wang and Jin Zhao

Addressing an HIV cure in LMIC

HIV-1 persists in infected individuals despite years of antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the formation of a stable and long-lived latent viral reservoir. Early ART can reduce the latent reservoir and is as...

Authors: Sherazaan D. Ismail, Joshua Pankrac, Emmanuel Ndashimye, Jessica L. Prodger, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Jamie F. S. Mann, Andrew D. Redd and Eric J. Arts

A novel class III endogenous retrovirus with a class I envelope gene in African frogs with an intact genome and developmentally regulated transcripts in Xenopus tropicalis

Retroviruses exist as exogenous infectious agents and as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) integrated into host chromosomes. Such endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are grouped into three classes roughly correspondin...

Authors: Venkat R. K. Yedavalli, Akash Patil, Janay Parrish and Christine A. Kozak

HIV-1 capsid exploitation of the host microtubule cytoskeleton during early infection

Microtubules (MTs) form a filamentous array that provide both structural support and a coordinated system for the movement and organization of macromolecular cargos within the cell. As such, they play a critic...

Authors: Mojgan H. Naghavi

Interview with a Retrovirologist: Sebla B. Kutluay in conversation with Carol Carter

Authors: Carol Carter and Sebla B. Kutluay

Characterisation of a highly potent and near pan-neutralising anti-HIV monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco plants

HIV remains one of the most important health issues worldwide, with almost 40 million people living with HIV. Although patients develop antibodies against the virus, its high mutation rate allows evasion of im...

Authors: Catherine M. Moore, Melanie Grandits, Clemens Grünwald-Gruber, Friedrich Altmann, Maria Kotouckova, Audrey Y.-H. Teh and Julian K.-C. Ma

HIVIntact: a python-based tool for HIV-1 genome intactness inference

The characterisation of the HIV-1 reservoir, which consists of replication-competent integrated proviruses that persist on antiretroviral therapy (ART), is made difficult by the rarity of intact proviruses rel...

Authors: Imogen A. Wright, Michael J. Bale, Wei Shao, Wei-Shau Hu, John M. Coffin, Gert U. Van Zyl and Mary F. Kearney

Heterologous avian system for quantitative analysis of Syncytin-1 interaction with ASCT2 receptor

Human Syncytin-1 is a placentally-expressed cell surface glycoprotein of retroviral origin. After interaction with ASCT2, its cellular receptor, Syncytin-1 triggers cell–cell fusion and formation of a multinuc...

Authors: Kryštof Štafl, Martin Trávníček, Dana Kučerová, Ľubomíra Pecnová, Veronika Krchlíková, Eliška Gáliková, Volodymyr Stepanets, Jiří Hejnar and Kateřina Trejbalová

Advancing our understanding of HIV co-infections and neurological disease using the humanized mouse

Humanized mice have become an important workhorse model for HIV research. Advances that enabled development of a human immune system in immune deficient mouse strains have aided new basic research in HIV patho...

Authors: Janice J. Endsley, Matthew B. Huante, Kubra F. Naqvi, Benjamin B. Gelman and Mark A. Endsley

Humanized Mice for Infectious and Neurodegenerative disorders

Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology,...

Authors: Prasanta K. Dash, Santhi Gorantla, Larisa Poluektova, Mahmudul Hasan, Emiko Waight, Chen Zhang, Milica Markovic, Benson Edagwa, Jatin Machhi, Katherine E. Olson, Xinglong Wang, R. Lee Mosley, Bhavesh Kevadiya and Howard E. Gendelman

Neutralization diversity of HIV-1 Indian subtype C envelopes obtained from cross sectional and followed up individuals against broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies having distinct gp120 specificities

The potential use of the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) towards prophylaxis and treatment to HIV-1 is currently being explored. While a number of promising bnAbs have been discovered and a ...

Authors: Ranajoy Mullick, Jyoti Sutar, Nitin Hingankar, Suprit Deshpande, Madhuri Thakar, Seema Sahay, Rajesh P. Ringe, Sampurna Mukhopadhyay, Ajit Patil, Shubhangi Bichare, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Rajat Goyal, Devin Sok and Jayanta Bhattacharya

Subtype-specific differences in Gag-protease replication capacity of HIV-1 isolates from East and West Africa

The HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is heterogeneous with diverse unevenly distributed subtypes and regional differences in prevalence. Subtype-specific differences in disease progression rate and transmi...

Authors: Omotayo Farinre, Kamini Gounder, Tarylee Reddy, Marcel Tongo, Jonathan Hare, Beth Chaplin, Jill Gilmour, Phyllis Kanki, Jaclyn K. Mann and Thumbi Ndung’u

Falling fowl of the chicken reference genome: pitfalls of studying polymorphic endogenous retroviruses

High quality reference genomes have facilitated the study of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, there are an increasing number of published works which assume the ERVs in reference genomes are universal;...

Authors: Andrew S. Mason

A single G10T polymorphism in HIV-1 subtype C Gag-SP1 regulates sensitivity to maturation inhibitors

Maturation inhibitors (MIs) potently block HIV-1 maturation by inhibiting the cleavage of the capsid protein and spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1). Bevirimat (BVM), a highly efficacious first-in-class MI against HIV-1...

Authors: Dibya Ghimire, Yuvraj KC, Uddhav Timilsina, Kriti Goel, T. J. Nitz, Carl T. Wild and Ritu Gaur

Elevated levels of inflammatory plasma biomarkers are associated with risk of HIV infection

To determine if individuals, from HIV-1 serodiscordant couple cohorts from Rwanda and Zambia, who become HIV-positive have a distinct inflammatory biomarker profile compared to individuals who remain HIV-negat...

Authors: Samantha McInally, Kristin Wall, Tianwei Yu, Rabindra Tirouvanziam, William Kilembe, Jill Gilmour, Susan A. Allen and Eric Hunter

Memoriam for Renaud Mahieux

Authors: Fatah Kashanchi, Ali Bazarbachi and Antoine Gessain

Extracellular vesicles from HTLV-1 infected cells modulate target cells and viral spread

The Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) is a blood-borne pathogen and etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/T...

Authors: Daniel O. Pinto, Sarah Al Sharif, Gifty Mensah, Maria Cowen, Pooja Khatkar, James Erickson, Heather Branscome, Thomas Lattanze, Catherine DeMarino, Farhang Alem, Ruben Magni, Weidong Zhou, Sandrine Alais, Hélène Dutartre, Nazira El-Hage, Renaud Mahieux…

Correction to: Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Lloyd Einsiedel, Fabian Chiong, Hubertus Jersmann and Graham P. Taylor

Vpx enhances innate immune responses independently of SAMHD1 during HIV-1 infection

The genomes of HIV-2 and some SIV strains contain the accessory gene vpx, which carries out several functions during infection, including the downregulation of SAMHD1. Vpx is also commonly used in experiments to ...

Authors: Oya Cingöz, Nicolas D. Arnow, Mireia Puig Torrents and Norbert Bannert

Modulation of BRD4 in HIV epigenetic regulation: implications for finding an HIV cure

Following reverse transcription, HIV viral DNA is integrated into host cell genomes and establishes a stable latent infection, which has posed a major obstacle for obtaining a cure for HIV. HIV proviral transc...

Authors: Edrous Alamer, Chaojie Zhong, Renee Hajnik, Lynn Soong and Haitao Hu

Seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus infection among blood donors in China: a first nationwide survey

So far, the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 1 and 2 in some highly populated countries such as China is still unknown. In this study, a multi-center nationwide serological survey was desig...

Authors: Le Chang, Shanhai Ou, Zhengang Shan, Faming Zhu, Huimin Ji, Xia Rong, Fei Guo, Xinyi Jiang, Huizhen Sun, Ying Yan and Lunan Wang

Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection

The lung is one of several organs that can be affected by HTLV-1 mediated inflammation. Pulmonary inflammation associated with HTLV-1 infection involves the interstitium, airways and alveoli, resulting in seve...

Authors: Lloyd Einsiedel, Fabian Chiong, Hubertus Jersmann and Graham P. Taylor

Inconsistent reversal of HIV-1 latency ex vivo by antigens of HIV-1, CMV, and other infectious agents

A reservoir of replication-competent but latent virus is the main obstacle to a cure for HIV-1 infection. Much of this reservoir resides in memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be reactivat...

Authors: Thomas Vollbrecht, Aaron O. Angerstein, Bryson Menke, Nikesh M. Kumar, Michelli Faria de Oliveira, Douglas D. Richman and John C. Guatelli

Comparative analysis of human microglial models for studies of HIV replication and pathogenesis

HIV associated neurocognitive disorders cause significant morbidity and mortality despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A deeper understanding of fundamental mechanisms underlying HIV inf...

Authors: Mohammad A. Rai, Jason Hammonds, Mario Pujato, Christopher Mayhew, Krishna Roskin and Paul Spearman

Koala retrovirus diversity, transmissibility, and disease associations

Koalas are infected with the koala retrovirus (KoRV) that exists as exogenous or endogenous viruses. KoRV is genetically diverse with co-infection with up to ten envelope subtypes (A-J) possible; KoRV-A is the...

Authors: HaoQiang Zheng, Yi Pan, Shaohua Tang, Geoffrey W. Pye, Cynthia K. Stadler, Larry Vogelnest, Kimberly Vinette Herrin, Bruce A. Rideout and William M. Switzer

Increased HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance with consistent clade homogeneity among ART-naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Ethiopia

The development of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) is becoming an obstacle to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Besides, data from developing settings including Ethiopia is still limited. Therefo...

Authors: Mulugeta Kiros, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu, Eleni Geberekidan, Adane Mihret, Melanie Maier, Woldaregay Erku Abegaz and Andargachew Mulu

HIV and the tuberculosis “set point”: how HIV impairs alveolar macrophage responses to tuberculosis and sets the stage for progressive disease

As HIV has fueled a global resurgence of tuberculosis over the last several decades, there is a growing awareness that HIV-mediated impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the heightened...

Authors: Sara C. Auld and Bashar S. Staitieh

Alpha-enolase in viral target cells suppresses the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration

A protein exhibiting more than one biochemical function is termed a moonlighting protein. Glycolytic enzymes are typical moonlighting proteins, and these enzymes control the infection of various viruses. Previ...

Authors: Naoki Kishimoto, Kengo Yamamoto, Nozomi Iga, Chie Kirihara, Towa Abe, Nobutoki Takamune and Shogo Misumi

A novel positive feedback-loop between the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax and NF-κB activity in T-cells

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects primarily CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes and evoques severe diseases, predominantly Adult T-Cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma (ATL/L) and HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/ Tropical Spast...

Authors: Sebastian Millen, Lina Meretuk, Tim Göttlicher, Sarah Schmitt, Bernhard Fleckenstein and Andrea K. Thoma-Kress

HLA-B*35 as a new marker for susceptibility to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in patients living in Argentina

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV associated myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), in around 2–5% of the i...

Authors: Paula Benencio, Sindy A. Fraile Gonzalez, Nicolás Ducasa, Kimberly Page, Carolina A. Berini and Mirna M. Biglione

Influence of the amino-terminal sequence on the structure and function of HIV integrase

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Successful development of ART can be accelerated by accurate structural and biochemical d...

Authors: Grant Eilers, Kushol Gupta, Audrey Allen, Jeffrey Zhou, Young Hwang, Michael B. Cory, Frederic D. Bushman and Gregory Van Duyne

Interferon regulatory factor 4 as a therapeutic target in adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a chemotherapy-resistant malignancy with a median survival of less than one year that will afflict between one hundred thousand and one million individuals worldwide wh...

Authors: Daniel A. Rauch, Sydney L. Olson, John C. Harding, Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi, Youngsoo Kim, Tianyuan Zhou, A. Robert MacLeod, Grant Challen and Lee Ratner

Establishment of a novel diagnostic test algorithm for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection with line immunoassay replacement of western blotting: a collaborative study for performance evaluation of diagnostic assays in Japan

The reliable diagnosis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is important, particularly as it can be vertically transmitted by breast feeding mothers to their infants. However, current diagn...

Authors: Kazu Okuma, Madoka Kuramitsu, Toshihiro Niwa, Tomokuni Taniguchi, Yumiko Masaki, Gohzoh Ueda, Chieko Matsumoto, Rieko Sobata, Yasuko Sagara, Hitomi Nakamura, Masahiro Satake, Kiyonori Miura, Naoki Fuchi, Hideaki Masuzaki, Akihiko Okayama, Kazumi Umeki…

Dynamic nanopore long-read sequencing analysis of HIV-1 splicing events during the early steps of infection

Alternative splicing is a key step in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication that is tightly regulated both temporally and spatially. More than 50 different transcripts can be generated from a...

Authors: Nam Nguyen Quang, Sophie Goudey, Emmanuel Ségéral, Ammara Mohammad, Sophie Lemoine, Corinne Blugeon, Margaux Versapuech, Jean-Christophe Paillart, Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Stéphane Emiliani and Sarah Gallois-Montbrun

Longitudinal analysis of subtype C envelope tropism for memory CD4⁺ T cell subsets over the first 3 years of untreated HIV-1 infection

HIV-1 infects a wide range of CD4⁺ T cells with different phenotypic properties and differing expression levels of entry coreceptors. We sought to determine the viral tropism of subtype C (C-HIV) Envelope (Env) c...

Authors: Matthew J. Gartner, Paul R. Gorry, Carolin Tumpach, Jingling Zhou, Ashanti Dantanarayana, J. Judy Chang, Thomas A. Angelovich, Paula Ellenberg, Annemarie E. Laumaea, Molati Nonyane, Penny L. Moore, Sharon R. Lewin, Melissa J. Churchill, Jacqueline K. Flynn and Michael Roche

Correction to: HIV-1 IN/Pol recruits LEDGF/p75 into viral particles

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Belete Ayele Desimmie, Caroline Weydert, Rik Schrijvers, Sofie Vets, Jonas Demeulemeester, Paul Proost, Igor Paron, Jan De Rijck, Jan Mast, Norbert Bannert, Rik Gijsbers, Frauke Christ and Zeger Debyser

Correction to: LEDGINs inhibit late stage HIV-1 replication by modulating integrase multimerization in the virions

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Belete Ayele Desimmie, Rik Schrijvers, Jonas Demeulemeester, Doortje Borrenberghs, Caroline Weydert, Wannes Thys, Sofie Vets, Barbara Van Remoortel, Johan Hofkens, Jan De Rijck, Jelle Hendrix, Norbert Bannert, Rik Gijsbers, Frauke Christ and Zeger Debyser

The KT Jeang Retrovirology prize 2020: Tatyana Golovkina

Authors:

M-Sec facilitates intercellular transmission of HIV-1 through multiple mechanisms

HIV-1 promotes the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) that connect distant cells, aiding cell-to-cell viral transmission between macrophages. Our recent study suggests that the cellular protein M-Sec play...

Authors: Sameh Lotfi, Hesham Nasser, Osamu Noyori, Masateru Hiyoshi, Hiroaki Takeuchi, Yoshio Koyanagi and Shinya Suzu

Variations in Trim5α and Cyclophilin A genes among HIV-1 elite controllers and non controllers in Uganda: a laboratory-based cross-sectional study

Tripartite Motif Containing 5 alpha (TRIM5α), a restriction factor produced ubiquitously in cells and tissues of the body plays an important role in the immune response against HIV. TRIM5α targets the HIV caps...

Authors: Sharon Bright Amanya, Brian Nyiro, Francis Waswa, Bonniface Obura, Rebecca Nakaziba, Eva Nabulime, Ashaba Fred Katabazi, Rose Nabatanzi, Alice Bayiyana, Gerald Mboowa, Alex Kayongo, Misaki Wayengera and Obondo J. Sande

Increased expression of CDKN1A/p21 in HIV-1 controllers is correlated with upregulation of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1

Some multifunctional cellular proteins, as the monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (ZC3H12A/MCPIP1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A/p21, are able to modulate the cellular susceptibi...

Authors: Suwellen S. D. de Azevedo, Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves, Fernanda H. Côrtes, Edson Delatorre, Lucia Spangenberg, Hugo Naya, Leonardo N. Seito, Brenda Hoagland, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Valdilea G. Veloso, Mariza G. Morgado, Thiago Moreno L. Souza and Gonzalo Bello

HIV-1 subtype C transmitted founders modulate dendritic cell inflammatory responses

Heterosexual transmission remains the main route of HIV-1 transmission and female genital tract (FGT) inflammation increases the risk of infection. However, the mechanism(s) by which inflammation facilitates i...

Authors: Evelyn Ngwa Lumngwena, Simon Metenou, Lindi Masson, Claudia Cicala, James Arthos and Zenda Woodman

MxB impedes the NUP358-mediated HIV-1 pre-integration complex nuclear import and viral replication cooperatively with CPSF6

The human myxovirus resistance 2 (Mx2/MxB) protein was originally found to regulate cytoplasmic-nuclear transport but was recently reported to restrict HIV-1 replication by binding to HIV-1 capsid (CA), preven...

Authors: Linlin Xie, Lang Chen, Chaojie Zhong, Ting Yu, Zhao Ju, Meirong Wang, Hairong Xiong, Yan Zeng, Jianhua Wang, Haitao Hu, Wei Hou and Yong Feng

Frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques

Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is disseminated among various non-human primate species and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative agent of adult T-cell l...

Authors: Megumi Murata, Jun-ichirou Yasunaga, Ayaka Washizaki, Yohei Seki, Madoka Kuramitsu, Wei Keat Tan, Anna Hu, Kazu Okuma, Isao Hamaguchi, Takuo Mizukami, Masao Matsuoka and Hirofumi Akari

Comparison of pathological clotting using haematological, functional and morphological investigations in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with deep vein thrombosis

Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prone to systemic inflammation and pathological clotting, and many may develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of this dysregulated...

Authors: Brandon S. Jackson, Julien Nunes Goncalves and Etheresia Pretorius