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  1. HIV-1 integrase is the third enzymatic target of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. However, few data have been published on the distribution of naturally occurring amino acid variation in this enzyme. We therefore...

    Authors: Soo-Yon Rhee, Tommy F Liu, Mark Kiuchi, Rafael Zioni, Robert J Gifford, Susan P Holmes and Robert W Shafer
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:74
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Integration of retroviral DNA into the host cell genome is an obligatory step in the virus life cycle. In previous reports we identified a sequence (amino acids 201–236) in the linker region between the cataly...

    Authors: Mark D Andrake, Monica M Sauter, Kim Boland, Andrew D Goldstein, Maryem Hussein and Anna Marie Skalka
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:73
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) entry into cells is mediated by envelope glycoprotein catalyzed membrane fusion and is achieved by folding of the transmembrane glycoprote...

    Authors: Daniel Lamb, Alexander W Schüttelkopf, Daan MF van Aalten and David W Brighty
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes has increased overtime in patients diagnosed at the time of primary infection (PHI) in France. Our objective was to characterize in detail non-B strains which could not be ge...

    Authors: Pierre Frange, Julie Galimand, Nicole Vidal, Cécile Goujard, Christiane Deveau, Faouzi Souala, Martine Peeters, Laurence Meyer, Christine Rouzioux and Marie-Laure Chaix
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. A recently identified genetic polymorphism located in the 5' region of the HLA-C gene is associated with individual variations in HIV-1 viral load and with differences in HLA-C expression levels. HLA-C has the...

    Authors: Andrea Matucci, Paola Rossolillo, Miriam Baroni, Antonio G Siccardi, Alberto Beretta and Donato Zipeto
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Oral keratinocytes on the mucosal surface are frequently exposed to HIV-1 through contact with infected sexual partners or nursing mothers. To determine the plausibility that oral keratinocytes are primary tar...

    Authors: Anjalee Vacharaksa, Anil C Asrani, Kristin H Gebhard, Claudine E Fasching, Rodrigo A Giacaman, Edward N Janoff, Karen F Ross and Mark C Herzberg
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. The presence of relatively high levels of cellular protein contamination in density-purified virion preparations is a confounding factor in biochemical analyses of HIV and SIV produced from hematopoietic cells...

    Authors: Lori V Coren, Teresa Shatzer and David E Ott
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:64
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  12. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is an essential cellular co-factor for the transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The cyclin T1 (CycT1) subunit of P-TEFb asso...

    Authors: Julie K Jadlowsky, Masanori Nojima, Antje Schulte, Matthias Geyer, Takashi Okamoto and Koh Fujinaga
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. During HIV-1 infection, the Tat protein plays a key role by transactivating the transcription of the HIV-1 proviral DNA. In addition, Tat induces apoptosis of non-infected T lymphocytes, leading to a massive l...

    Authors: Caroline Egelé, Pascale Barbier, Pascal Didier, Etienne Piémont, Diane Allegro, Olivier Chaloin, Sylviane Muller, Vincent Peyrot and Yves Mély
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. The integration of HIV-1 DNA into cellular chromatin is required for high levels of viral gene expression and for the production of new virions. However, the majority of HIV-1 DNA remains unintegrated and is g...

    Authors: Huub C Gelderblom, Dimitrios N Vatakis, Sean A Burke, Steven D Lawrie, Gregory C Bristol and David N Levy
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. TRIM5α is a restriction factor that interferes with retroviral infections in a species-specific manner in primate cells. Although TRIM5α is constitutively expressed, its expression has been shown to be up-regu...

    Authors: Laetitia Carthagena, Mélanie C Parise, Mathieu Ringeard, Mounira K Chelbi-Alix, Uriel Hazan and Sébastien Nisole
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. The machinery of early HIV-1 replication still remains to be elucidated. Recently the viral core was reported to persist in the infected cell cytoplasm as an assembled particle, giving rise to the reverse tran...

    Authors: Sonia Brun, Maxime Solignat, Bernard Gay, Eric Bernard, Laurent Chaloin, David Fenard, Christian Devaux, Nathalie Chazal and Laurence Briant
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. The recently released results of the Merck's Phase IIb "test-of concept" vaccine trials have shown no protection from HIV-1 infection in the vaccinated group compared with a control group vaccinated with place...

    Authors: Enrico Iaccino, Marco Schiavone, Giuseppe Fiume, Ileana Quinto and Giuseppe Scala
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:56
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  20. APOBEC3G is a cytidine deaminase with potent antiviral activity. The protein deaminates single-stranded DNA but is known to bind cellular and viral RNAs. There is increasing evidence that RNA binding of APOBEC...

    Authors: Klaus Strebel and Mohammad A Khan
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:55
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  21. Human APOBEC3 proteins are editing enzymes that can interfere with the replication of exogenous retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepadnaviruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), and with...

    Authors: Daniel Bach, Shyam Peddi, Bastien Mangeat, Asvin Lakkaraju, Katharina Strub and Didier Trono
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Several factors determine the risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), such as coinfections in placentas from HIV-1 positive mothers with other pathogens. Chagas' disease is one of the most endemic zoo...

    Authors: Guillermina Laura Dolcini, María Elisa Solana, Guadalupe Andreani, Ana María Celentano, Laura María Parodi, Ana María Donato, Natalia Elissondo, Stella Maris González Cappa, Luis David Giavedoni and Liliana Martínez Peralta
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. More than 10 members of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodefi...

    Authors: Nobuaki Shimizu, Atsushi Tanaka, Takahisa Mori, Takahiro Ohtsuki, Aliful Hoque, Atsushi Jinno-Oue, Chatchawann Apichartpiyakul, Shigeru Kusagawa, Yutaka Takebe and Hiroo Hoshino
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Members of the APOBEC family of cellular cytidine deaminases represent a recently identified group of proteins that provide immunity to infection by retroviruses and protect the cell from endogenous mobile ret...

    Authors: Ritu Goila-Gaur and Klaus Strebel
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:51
    Content type: Review Published on:

  25. Prolonged, altered hematopoietic reconstitution is commonly observed in patients undergoing myeloablative conditioning and bone marrow and/or mobilized peripheral blood-derived stem cell transplantation. We st...

    Authors: Sonia Derdouch, Wilfried Gay, Didier Nègre, Stéphane Prost, Mikael Le Dantec, Benoît Delache, Gwenaelle Auregan, Thibault Andrieu, Jean-Jacques Leplat, François-Loïc Cosset and Roger Le Grand
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. A critical step for retroviral replication is the stable integration of the provirus into the genome of its host. The viral integrase protein is key in this essential step of the retroviral life cycle. Althoug...

    Authors: Barbara Studamire and Stephen P Goff
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:48
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Reverse transcription of the genetic material of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a critical step in the replication cycle of this virus. This process, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT), is...

    Authors: Julie Lemay, Priscilla Maidou-Peindara, Thomas Bader, Eric Ennifar, Jean-Christophe Rain, Richard Benarous and Lang Xia Liu
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is initiated by infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); however, additional host factors are also required for T-cell transformation and development of ...

    Authors: Murali VP Nadella, Sherry T Shu, Wessel P Dirksen, Nanda K Thudi, Kiran S Nadella, Soledad A Fernandez, Michael D Lairmore, Patrick L Green and Thomas J Rosol
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Uracil is a natural base of RNA but may appear in DNA through two different pathways including cytosine deamination or misincorporation of deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotide (dUTP) during DNA replication ...

    Authors: Joséphine Sire, Gilles Quérat, Cécile Esnault and Stéphane Priet
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:45
    Content type: Review Published on:

  31. Vaccination of macaques with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provides significant protection against the wild-type virus. The use of a live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as ...

    Authors: Atze T Das, Bep Klaver, Mireille Centlivre, Alex Harwig, Marcel Ooms, Mark Page, Neil Almond, Fang Yuan, Mike Piatak Jr, Jeffrey D Lifson and Ben Berkhout
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. AIDS-associated, CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 clones, isolated from a patient that never developed CXCR4-tropic HIV-1, replicate to a greater extent and cause greater cytopathic effects than R5 HIV-1 clones isolated...

    Authors: Kevin C Olivieri, Robert M Scoggins, Brooks Broderick, Maria LC Powell, Melissa A Alexander, Marie-Louise Hammarskjöld, David Rekosh and David Camerini
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:42
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  34. The formation of new infectious human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1) mainly relies on the homo-multimerization of the viral structural polyprotein Pr55Gag and on the recruitment of host factors. We have pr...

    Authors: Laurent Chatel-Chaix, Karine Boulay, Andrew J Mouland and Luc DesGroseillers
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:41
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. The rate of transcription of the HIV-1 viral genome is mediated by the interaction of the viral protein Tat with the LTR and other transcriptional machinery. These specific interactions can be affected by the ...

    Authors: Rachel Van Duyne, Rebecca Easley, Weilin Wu, Reem Berro, Caitlin Pedati, Zachary Klase, Kylene Kehn-Hall, Elizabeth K Flynn, David E Symer and Fatah Kashanchi
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. The interaction between the HIV-1 p6 late budding domain and ALIX, a class E vacuolar protein sorting factor, was explored by using the yeast two-hybrid approach. We refined the ALIX binding site of p6 as bein...

    Authors: Carine Lazert, Nathalie Chazal, Laurence Briant, Denis Gerlier and Jean-Claude Cortay
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:39
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  37. Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1 and type 2 are related but distinct pathogenic complex retroviruses. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia and a variety of immune-mediated disorders includi...

    Authors: Brenda Yamamoto, Min Li, Matthew Kesic, Ihab Younis, Michael D Lairmore and Patrick L Green
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Eradication of HIV-1 from an infected individual cannot be achieved by current drug regimens. Viral reservoirs established early during the infection remain unaffected by anti-retroviral therapy and are able t...

    Authors: Rienk E Jeeninga, Ellen M Westerhout, Marja L van Gerven and Ben Berkhout
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. The ability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to persist in the body has proven to be a long-standing challenge to virus eradication. Current antiretroviral therapy cannot selectively destroy infected cell...

    Authors: Jessica Young, Zhongwei Tang, Quan Yu, Dongyang Yu and Yuntao Wu
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Retrovirology provides the opportunity for readers to post comments online for all published articles. These comments are moderated by the journal editors and are often peer reviewed prior to posting. Retrovirolo...

    Authors: Kuan-Teh Jeang
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:35
    Content type: Editorial Published on:

  41. HTLV-1 causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although there have been many studies on the oncogenesis of the viral protein Tax, the precise oncogenic mechanism remains to be elucidated. Recently, a new viral fac...

    Authors: Tetsuya Usui, Katsunori Yanagihara, Kunihiro Tsukasaki, Ken Murata, Hiroo Hasegawa, Yasuaki Yamada and Shimeru Kamihira
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Immunotherapy of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCs) loaded with aldrithiol-2 (AT2)-inactivated homologous FIV was performed. Although FIV-specific ly...

    Authors: Giulia Freer, Donatella Matteucci, Paola Mazzetti, Francesca Tarabella, Enrica Ricci, Leonia Bozzacco, Antonio Merico, Mauro Pistello, Luca Ceccherini-Nelli and Mauro Bendinelli
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5:33
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  43. Authors: Philippe Msellati, Boubacar Nacro, Emmanuelle Zoure, Hervé Hien, Hassane Tamboura, François Rouet, Serge Diagbouga, Adama Ouiminga, Ali Drabo, Souleymane Yaméogo, Hélène Peyrière, Olivier Mathieu, Joëlle Nicolas and Philippe Van de Perre
    Citation: Retrovirology 2008 5(Suppl 1):O26
    Content type: Oral presentation Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1

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