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Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits virus replication by activating multiple antiviral mechanisms and pathways. It has long been recognized that type I IFNs can potently block HIV-1 replication in vitro; as such, HI...
The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus of the Retrovirus family, which causes persistent infection in horses often characterized by recurrent episodes of high fever. It has a similar morphol...
It is now known that clinically derived viruses are most commonly R5 tropic with very low infectivity in macrophages. As these viruses utilize CD4 inefficiently, defective entry has been assumed to be the domi...
The HIV-1 Nef protein is essential for AIDS pathogenesis by its interaction with host cell surface receptors and signaling factors. Despite its critical role as a virulence factor Nef is not targeted by curren...
A lot of microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from viral genomes have been identified. Many of them play various important roles in virus replication and virus-host interaction. Cellular miRNAs have been shown to partic...
Severe genetic bottleneck occurs during HIV-1 sexual transmission whereby most infections are initiated by a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. Similar observations had been made in nonhuman primates expo...
Eukaryotic cells have evolved stringent proofreading mechanisms to ensure that intron-containing mRNAs do not leave the nucleus. However, all retroviruses must bypass this checkpoint for replication. Indeed, t...
Most HIV strains that enter the brain are macrophage-tropic and use the CCR5 receptor to bind and infect target cells. Because the cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments involved in cellular movement a...
The 16th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Retroviruses was held in Montreal, Québec from June 26th to June 30th, 2013 and was therefore hosted by a Canadian city for the first tim...
The export of intron containing viral RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is an essential step in the life cycle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1). As the eukaryotic system does not permit the trans...
Molecular latency allows HIV-1 to persist in resting memory CD4+ T-cells as transcriptionally silent provirus integrated into host chromosomal DNA. Multiple transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for HIV-1 late...
The original article was published in Retrovirology 2012 9:P362
HIV proteins Nef and Vpu down-modulate various host factors to evade immune defenses. Indeed, the CD4 receptor is down-regulated by Nef and Vpu, whereas virion-tethering BST2 is depleted by Vpu. Antibody-depen...
Retrovirology would like to sincerely thank the following for giving their time and expertise to review manuscripts for the journal in 2013. Their support for the journal is greatly appreciated.
Early HIV-1 infection causes massive CD4+ T cell death in the gut and translocation of bacteria into the circulation. However, the programmed cell death (PCD) pathways used by HIV-1 to kill CD4+ T cells in the...
A small minority of HIV-1-infected individuals show low levels of immune activation and do not develop immunodeficiency despite high viral loads. Since the accessory viral Nef protein modulates T cell activati...
SIVMAC/HIV-2 Vpx recruits the CUL4A-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade the deoxynucleotide hydrolase SAMHD1. This increases the concentration of deoxynucleotides available for reverse transcription in m...
The human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Cyclophilin A (CypA) binds HIV-1 capsid (CA) and influences early steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The mechanism by which CypA regulates HIV-1 transduction efficiency i...
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) comprise about 8% of the human genome and have lost their ability to replicate or to produce infectious particles after having accumulated mutations over time. We assessed...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag is the main structural protein that mediates the assembly and release of virus-like particles (VLPs) from an infected cell membrane. The Gag C-terminal p6 domain...
A key goal for HIV-1 envelope immunogen design is the induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). As AIDS vaccine recipients will not be exposed to strains exactly matching any immunogens due t...
First-generation integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), such as raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG), have been clinically proven to be effective antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV-positive p...
There is an ever-increasing volume of data on host genes that are modulated during HIV infection, influence disease susceptibility or carry genetic variants that impact HIV infection. We created GuavaH (Genomi...
HIV-1 Vif promotes the degradation of host anti-retroviral factor family, APOBEC3 proteins via the recruitment of a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The complex is composed of a scaffold protein, Cul...
The discovery of novel anti-viral restriction factors illuminates unknown aspects of innate sensing and immunity. We identified RNA-associated Early-stage Anti-viral Factor (REAF) using a whole genome siRNA sc...
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease that occurs more frequently in women than in men. Multiple Sclerosis Associated Retrovirus (MSRV) is a member of HERV-W, a multicopy human endogen...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 11 Supplement 1
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