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  1. Variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 perform two key functions: ensuring envelope trimer entry competence and shielding against neutralizing antibodies. While preserving entry...

    Authors: Oliver F Brandenberg, Peter Rusert, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Jürg Böni, Huldrych F Günthard, Roland R Regoes and Alexandra Trkola
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:75
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Recombination is a common feature of retroviral biology and one of the most important factors responsible for generating viral diversity at both the intra-host and the population levels. However, relatively li...

    Authors: Paweł M Bęczkowski, Joseph Hughes, Roman Biek, Annette Litster, Brian J Willett and Margaret J Hosie
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:80
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. All lentiviruses except equine infectious anemia virus (EIVA) antagonize antiviral family APOBEC3 (A3) proteins of the host through viral Vif proteins. The mechanism by which Vif of human, simian or feline imm...

    Authors: Jingyao Zhang, Jiaxin Wu, Weiran Wang, Hui Wu, Bin Yu, Jiawen Wang, Mingyu Lv, Xiaodan Wang, Haihong Zhang, Wei Kong and Xianghui Yu
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:77
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. A major immune evasion mechanism of HIV-1 is the accumulation of non-synonymous mutations in and around T cell epitopes, resulting in loss of T cell recognition and virus escape.

    Authors: Adam John Ritchie, Fangping Cai, Nicola MG Smith, Sheri Chen, Hongshuo Song, Simon Brackenridge, Salim S Abdool Karim, Bette T Korber, Andrew J McMichael, Feng Gao and Nilu Goonetilleke
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Aged individuals respond poorly to vaccination and have a higher risk of contracting infections in comparison to younger individuals; whether age impacts on the composition and function of B cell subpopulation...

    Authors: Sylvie Amu, Gitit Lavy-Shahaf, Alberto Cagigi, Bo Hejdeman, Silvia Nozza, Lucia Lopalco, Ramit Mehr and Francesca Chiodi
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:76
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. The HIV-1 accessory proteins, Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif) and the pleiotropic Viral Protein R (Vpr) are important for efficient virus replication. While in non-permissive cells an appropriate amount of Vif ...

    Authors: Marek Widera, Frank Hillebrand, Steffen Erkelenz, Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan, Carsten Münk and Heiner Schaal
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:72
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. The reproducible nature of HIV-1 escape from HLA-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses allows the identification of HLA-associated viral polymorphisms “at the population level” – that is, via analysis of cross-sect...

    Authors: Eric Martin, Jonathan M Carlson, Anh Q Le, Denis R Chopera, Rachel McGovern, Manal A Rahman, Carmond Ng, Heiko Jessen, Anthony D Kelleher, Martin Markowitz, Todd M Allen, M-J Milloy, Mary Carrington, Mark A Wainberg and Zabrina L Brumme
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:64
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes both neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Because th...

    Authors: Mineki Saito, Reiko Tanaka, Hideki Fujii, Akira Kodama, Yoshiaki Takahashi, Toshio Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Takashima and Yuetsu Tanaka
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:74
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  11. SAMHD1 degrades deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), suppressing viral DNA synthesis in macrophages. Recently, viral protein X (Vpx) of HIV-2/SIVsm was shown to target SAMHD1 for proteosomal degradation and led to el...

    Authors: Joseph A Hollenbaugh, Sijia Tao, Gina M Lenzi, Sulryung Ryu, Dong-Hyun Kim, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Raymond F Schinazi and Baek Kim
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. The central memory T cell (TCM) model forms a unique HIV-1 latency model based on primary cells that closely resemble in vivo TCM. The virus employed in this model is based on an engineered vector incapable of...

    Authors: Pawel Bonczkowski, Ward De Spiegelaere, Alberto Bosque, Cory H White, Anouk Van Nuffel, Eva Malatinkova, Maja Kiselinova, Wim Trypsteen, Wojciech Witkowski, Jolien Vermeire, Bruno Verhasselt, Laura Martins, Christopher H Woelk, Vicente Planelles and Linos Vandekerckhove
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:70
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  13. The widespread use of highly effective, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Despite these advances, the prevalence of...

    Authors: Teresa H Evering, Edwin Kamau, Leslie St. Bernard, Charles B Farmer, Xiang-Peng Kong and Martin Markowitz
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. The IFN-α-inducible restriction factor MxB blocks HIV-1 infection after reverse transcription but prior to integration. Genetic evidence suggested that capsid is the viral determinant for restriction by MxB. T...

    Authors: Thomas Fricke, Tommy E White, Bianca Schulte, Daniel A de Souza Aranha Vieira, Adarsh Dharan, Edward M Campbell, Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez and Felipe Diaz-Griffero
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of nonhuman primates is the predominant model for preclinical evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines. These studies frequently utilize high-dose...

    Authors: Justin M Greene, Andrea M Weiler, Matthew R Reynolds, Brian T Cain, Ngoc H Pham, Adam J Ericsen, Eric J Peterson, Kristin Crosno, Kevin Brunner, Thomas C Friedrich and David H O’Connor
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:66
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  16. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein plays an essential role in HIV gene transcription from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and replication. Transcriptional activity of Tat is modulated by s...

    Authors: Hye-Young Kim, Byeong-Sun Choi, Sung Soon Kim, Tae-Young Roh, Jihwan Park and Cheol-Hee Yoon
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Integration of retroviral DNA into a germ cell can result in a provirus that is transmitted vertically to the host’s offspring. In humans, such endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise >8% of the genome. The H...

    Authors: Julia H Wildschutte, Daniel Ram, Ravi Subramanian, Victoria L Stevens and John M Coffin
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotide-hydrolases (dUTPases) are essential for maintaining low intra-cellular dUTP/dTTP ratios. Therefore, many viruses encode this enzyme to prevent dUTP incorporation into th...

    Authors: Nickolay Voronin, Eytan Herzig and Amnon Hizi
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Foamy viruses (FVs) are a unique subfamily of retroviruses that are widely distributed in mammals. Owing to the availability of sequences from diverse mammals coupled with their pattern of codivergence with th...

    Authors: Aris Katzourakis, Pakorn Aiewsakun, Hongwei Jia, Nathan D Wolfe, Matthew LeBreton, Anne D Yoder and William M Switzer
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. CD4+ T cells are critically important in HIV infection, being both the primary cells infected by HIV and likely playing a direct or indirect role in helping control virus replication. Key areas of interest in HIV...

    Authors: Evan S Jacobs, Desmond Persad, Longsi Ran, Ali Danesh, John W Heitman, Xutao Deng, Mark J Cameron, David J Kelvin and Philip J Norris
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Following transmission, HIV-1 evolves into a diverse population, and next generation sequencing enables us to detect variants occurring at low frequencies. Studying viral evolution at the level of whole genome...

    Authors: Aridaman Pandit and Rob J de Boer
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:56
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and 2, the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), emerged from African non-human primates (NHPs) through zoonotic transmission of simian immuno...

    Authors: Michael Lauck, William M Switzer, Samuel D Sibley, David Hyeroba, Alex Tumukunde, Geoffrey Weny, Anupama Shankar, Justin M Greene, Adam J Ericsen, HaoQiang Zheng, Nelson Ting, Colin A Chapman, Thomas C Friedrich, Tony L Goldberg and David H O’Connor
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:55
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  25. The nucleocapsid domain of Gag and mature nucleocapsid protein (NC) act as nucleic acid chaperones and facilitate folding of nucleic acids at critical steps of retroviral replication cycle. The basic N-terminu...

    Authors: Katarzyna Pachulska-Wieczorek, Agnieszka K Stefaniak and Katarzyna J Purzycka
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) exhibits a wide range of interactions with the host cell but whether viral proteins interact with cellular RNA is not clear. A candidate interacting factor is the trans-a...

    Authors: Russell D Bouwman, Anne Palser, Chris M Parry, Eve Coulter, Jane Rasaiyaah, Paul Kellam and Richard G Jenner
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Sexual transmission is the main route of HIV-1 infection and the CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 is predominantly transmitted, even though CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 is often abundant in chronic HIV-1 patients. The mechanis...

    Authors: Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani, Annelies W Mesman, Nienke H van Teijlingen, Joris K Sprokholt, Michiel van der Vlist, Carla MS Ribeiro and Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression is primarily regulated at the step of transcription elongation. The viral Tat protein recruits the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) and the...

    Authors: Alona Kuzmina, Nina Verstraete, Sigal Galker, Maayan Maatook, Olivier Bensaude and Ran Taube
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) plays an essential role in activating HIV genome transcription. It is recruited to the HIV LTR promoter through an interaction between the Tat viral prot...

    Authors: Nina Verstraete, Alona Kuzmina, Gaelle Diribarne, Van Trung Nguyen, Lydia Kobbi, Monika Ludanyi, Ran Taube and Olivier Bensaude
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Tat is a key HIV-1 virulence factor, which plays pivotal roles in virus gene expression, replication, transmission and disease progression. After release, extracellular Tat accumulates in tissues and exerts ef...

    Authors: Stefania Bellino, Antonella Tripiciano, Orietta Picconi, Vittorio Francavilla, Olimpia Longo, Cecilia Sgadari, Giovanni Paniccia, Angela Arancio, Gioacchino Angarano, Nicoletta Ladisa, Adriano Lazzarin, Giuseppe Tambussi, Silvia Nozza, Carlo Torti, Emanuele Focà, Guido Palamara…
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:49
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  31. The efficiency of CD4/CCR5 mediated HIV-1 entry has important implications for pathogenesis and transmission. The HIV-1 receptor affinity profiling (Affinofile) system analyzes and quantifies the infectivity o...

    Authors: Kelechi Chikere, Nicholas E Webb, Tom Chou, Katharina Borm, Jasminka Sterjovski, Paul R Gorry and Benhur Lee
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:48
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. The majority of viruses enter host cells via endocytosis. Current knowledge of viral entry pathways is largely based upon infectivity measurements following genetic and/or pharmacological interventions that disru...

    Authors: Sergi Padilla-Parra, Mariana Marin, Naoyuki Kondo and Gregory B Melikyan
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. A relevant burden of defective HIV-1 genomes populates PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients, especially during HAART treatment. These viral genomes, although unable to codify for infectious viral particles, can ...

    Authors: Claudia Arenaccio, Chiara Chiozzini, Sandra Columba-Cabezas, Francesco Manfredi and Maurizio Federico
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays an important role in viral replication. It has been reported that Vpr stimulates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1...

    Authors: Ruikang Liu, Yongquan Lin, Rui Jia, Yunqi Geng, Chen Liang, Juan Tan and Wentao Qiao
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. The MPER region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, the localization of this epitope in a hydrophobic environment seems to hamper the elicitation of...

    Authors: Luis M Molinos-Albert, Jorge Carrillo, Marta Curriu, Maria L Rodriguez de la Concepción, Silvia Marfil, Elisabet García, Bonaventura Clotet and Julià Blanco
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. While much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cel...

    Authors: Wei Ju, Meili Zhang, Michael Petrus, Michiyuki Maeda, Cynthia A Pise-Masison and Thomas A Waldmann
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. HIV-1 is decorated with trimeric glycoprotein spikes that enable infection by engaging CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. The variable loop 3 (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is the ...

    Authors: Philipp Arnold, Patricia Himmels, Svenja Weiß, Tim-Michael Decker, Jürgen Markl, Volker Gatterdam, Robert Tampé, Patrick Bartholomäus, Ursula Dietrich and Ralf Dürr
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:42
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. The trimeric envelope glycoproteins (Env) on the surface of HIV-1 virions are the targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). No candidate HIV-1 immunogen has yet induced potent, broadly active NAbs (bNAbs). P...

    Authors: Anila Yasmeen, Rajesh Ringe, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R Burton, Andrew B Ward, Ian A Wilson, Rogier W Sanders, John P Moore and Per Johan Klasse
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:41
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Peptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) of HIV-1 gp41 such as T20 (Enfuvirtide) and C34 are potent viral fusion inhibitors. We have recently found that two N-terminal residues (Met115 and Thr1...

    Authors: Huihui Chong, Zonglin Qiu, Jianping Sun, Yuanyuan Qiao, Xingxing Li and Yuxian He
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. At least six host-encoded restriction factors (RFs), APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, tetherin, SAMHD1, schlafen 11, and Mx2 have now been shown to inhibit HIV and/or SIV replication in vitro. To determine their role in vivo in...

    Authors: Hadega A Aamer, Premeela Rajakumar, Julia Nyaundi and Michael Murphey-Corb
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I restricted Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) exert substantial evolutionary pressure on HIV-1, as evidenced by the reproducible selection of HLA-restricted immune escape muta...

    Authors: Chungyong Han, Ai Kawana-Tachikawa, Akihisa Shimizu, Dayong Zhu, Hitomi Nakamura, Eisuke Adachi, Tadashi Kikuchi, Michiko Koga, Tomohiko Koibuchi, George F Gao, Yusuke Sato, Atsushi Yamagata, Eric Martin, Shuya Fukai, Zabrina L Brumme and Aikichi Iwamoto
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Apoptosis is one of the presumptive causes of CD4+ T cell depletion during HIV infection and progression to AIDS. However, the precise role of HIV-1 in this process remains unexplained. HIV-1 protease (PR) has be...

    Authors: Michaela Rumlová, Ivana Křížová, Alena Keprová, Romana Hadravová, Michal Doležal, Karolína Strohalmová, Iva Pichová, Miroslav Hájek and Tomáš Ruml
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Insertional mutagenesis screens of retrovirus-induced mouse tumors have proven valuable in human cancer research and for understanding adverse effects of retroviral-based gene therapies. In previous studies, t...

    Authors: Martin Sokol, Matthias Wabl, Irene Rius Ruiz and Finn Skou Pedersen
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infects and activates innate immune cells in the brain resulting in inflammation and neuronal death with accompanying neurological deficits. Induction of inflammasome...

    Authors: John G Walsh, Stacey N Reinke, Manmeet K Mamik, Brienne A McKenzie, Ferdinand Maingat, William G Branton, David I Broadhurst and Christopher Power
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a complex, milk-born betaretrovirus, which preferentially infects dendritic cells (DC) in the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to T and B lymphocytes and finally to t...

    Authors: Constantine James Konstantoulas and Stanislav Indik
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Recombinant soluble, cleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein SOSIP.664 gp140 trimers based on the subtype A BG505 sequence are being studied structurally and tested as immunogens in animals. For these trimers to b...

    Authors: Nancy PY Chung, Katie Matthews, Helen J Kim, Thomas J Ketas, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Jacob Korzun, Anila Yasmeen, Rogier W Sanders, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A Wilson, Andrew B Ward, Andre J Marozsan, John P Moore and Albert Cupo
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120 is a functionally conserved, important target of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. Two neutralizing hum...

    Authors: Piraporn Utachee, Panasda Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya, Kenzo Tokunaga, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Naokazu Takeda and Masanori Kameoka
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. We have shown that HIV-1 Tat interaction with MAP2K3, MAP2K6, and IRF7 promoters is key to IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) activation in immature dendritic cells and macrophages.

    Authors: Sami Kukkonen, Maria Del Pilar Martinez-Viedma, Nayoung Kim, Mariana Manrique and Anna Aldovini
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. The deoxynucleotide-triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) is a nuclear protein that inhibits HIV-1 infection in myeloid cells as well as quiescent CD4 T-cells, by de...

    Authors: Torsten Schaller, Darja Pollpeter, Luis Apolonia, Caroline Goujon and Michael H Malim
    Citation: Retrovirology 2014 11:29
    Content type: Research Published on:
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Retrovirology

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