The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound

Retrovirology

Table 2 Transcription factors or events known to regulate HIV-1 transcription in T cells and/or microglia

Transcription factor or stage	Identified HIV-1 transriptional regulatory function by cell type
DNA-binding repressors	Primary T cells	Transformed T cells	Primary microglia	Transformed microglia	Selected references
CBF-1	+	+	?	−	[135]
ESR1	+	+	?	−	[72]
NF-κB p50/p50	?	+	?	?	[142, 425]
Sp1	?	+	?	+	[426, 427]
AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun)	+	−	?	?	[428, 429]
c-Myc	?	+	?	?	[427]
YY1/LSF	?	+	?	?	[138, 139, 430]
TRIM28	?	+	?	?	[330, 331]
GR	?	−	?	+	[431]
CTIP2	?	?	?	+	[138]

Activating initiation factors
NFAT	+	−	−	−	[21, 22, 167, 174, 432]
NF-κB p65/p50	+	+	+	+	[21, 22, 167, 168, 174, 432]
NF-κB p52/p100	+	+	?	?	[390, 391]
AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun)	?	+	?	?	[174, 429]
Sp1	?	+	?	+	[433, 434]
STAT5	+	?	?	?	[187]
IRF3	−	−	+	+	[435]
RBF-2	?	+	?	?	[169, 324]
TRIM28 (KAP1)	?	+	?	?	[325]
COUP-TF	−	−	?	+	[433, 436]
NF-IL6 (C/EBPβ)	−	+	?	+	[426, 437]

P-TEFb or SEC recruitment factors
HIV Tat requirement	+	+	?	+	[214,215,216, 441]
TRIM28	+	+	?	+	[313, 325, 442]
HSF-1	+	+	?	?	[323, 328]
HMGA1	?	?	?	+	[438]
BRD4	+	+	?	?	[272, 315, 316]

(+) indicates evidence of HIV-1 regulatory function by cell type. (−) indicates evidence that the factor either does not participate in or has a non-essential HIV-1 regulatory function in that cell type. (?) indicates that the HIV-1 regulatory function is yet to be demonstrated in that cell type. Also shown is a classification by cell type of the known or unknown expression profiles of P-TEFb subunits, 7SK snRNP and the SEC component ELL2

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