Fig. 3

ATE1 overexpression in HIV-1 producer cells decreases the infectivity of progeny viruses. A Confirmation of ATE1 overexpression efficiency in viral producer cells. HEK293 cells were cotransfected with pNL-CH and control or ATE1-V5 expression vector. B Effect of ATE1 overexpression in viral producer cells on the packaging of viral proteins in progeny viruses. The purified viruses were subjected to western immunoblotting and each viral protein was detected by HIV-1-positive plasma. C Effect of ATE1 overexpression in viral producer cells on viral production. HEK293 cells were cotransfected with pNL-CH and the ATE1-V5 expression vector. Viral production levels were monitored by p24 ELISA of culture supernatant of transfected cells. The value in the control experiment was set as 100%. D Infectivity of viruses produced from control or ATE1 specific siRNA-treated cells. The infectivity was examined based on the luciferase activity in the lysates of each virus-infected TZM-bl cell sample. The value in the control experiment was set as 100%. The significance of difference (Student’s t-test) is indicated as follows: **p < 0.01; n.s. not significant. The mean values of at least three independent experiments are shown. The error bars denote the standard deviation