Fig. 2

Faster subtype D versus subtype A HIV-1 treatment failure observed over first- and second-line treatments. The Joint Clinical Research Centre in Kampala, Uganda follows approximately 12,000 HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Resistance testing is performed in cases of treatment failure—VL > 1000 copies/ml or two CD4 cell counts < 200/ml. ~ 95% of all patients on first-line treatment maintain undetectable VL in Uganda. < 50% reach and maintain undetectable VL on salvage therapy. As part of standard of care, we subtype (C) and analyze drug resistance genotypes of all patients failing treatment (D) on first-line (E) or “salvage” therapy (F)