Table 1 HIV elements packaged within exosomes and their effects

Nef protein

Plasma

Enhanced amyloid beta secretion

Khan et al. [117]

Activation-induced T-cell death

Raymond et al. [104]

T-cells

Activation-induced T-cell death

Lenassi et al. [37]

Konadu et al. [105]

Viral reactivation from latency

Arenaccio et al. [98]

Arenaccio et al. [99]

n/a

Muratori et al. [96]

MDMs

Inflammatory cytokine production

Arenaccio et al. [99]

Microglia

Reduced BBB integrity

Raymond et al. [107]

Astrocytes

n/a

Pužar Dominkuš et al. [38]

Transfected HeLa cells

Activation-induced T-cell death

Lenassi et al. [37]

Transfected HEK cells

Activation-induced T-cell death

Raymond et al. [104]

n/a

Campbell et al. [88]

Tat protein

T-cells

Activation of viral promoter

Rahimian and He [40]

Astrocytes

Activation of viral promoter

Ibid.

Neurite shortening and neurotoxicity

Ibid.

Transfected HEK cells

Activation of viral promoter

Ibid.

Gag protein

MDMs

Enhanced infection

Kadiu et al. [146]

T-cells

n/a

Narayanan et al. [44]

Env protein

T-cells

n/a

Ibid.

n/a

Enhanced infection

Arakelyan et al. [42]

TAR RNA

Plasma

Enhanced infection

Narayanan et al. [44]

T-cells

Protection against extrinsic apoptosis

Ibid.

Inflammatory cytokine production

Sampey et al. [100]

n/a

Barclay et al. [47]

MDMs

Inflammatory cytokine production

Sampey et al. [100]

Microglia

n/a

Barclay et al. [47]

Viral miRNAs

MDMs

Inflammatory cytokine production

Bernard et al. [101]