Potential role of HIV-1 Nef and human M6B in HIV-associated neurological disorders

Background

"Highly active antiretroviral therapy" (HAART) has dramatically increased the life expectancies of HIV positive humans. Due to this progress, other HIV-infection associated consequences like the HIV-associated neurological disorders (HIV-ND) are becoming more and more significant. The HIV Nef protein seems to play an important role in progression of HIV-NDs. We set out to identify brain tissue specific ligands of membrane associated Nef.

Methods

We applied a membrane associated yeast two-hybrid "split-ubiquitin" based system to identify human brain tissue specific proteins as direct ligands of HIV-1 Nef. Positive hits were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays (CoIP), pull-down analysis, confocal microscopy and fluorescence titration assays.

Results

From a cDNA library of human brain tissue we identified the neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6B as a novel binding partner of Nef. Relevance of the Nef-M6B interaction was confirmed by CoIP assays in yeast and pull-down analysis using rat brain extracts. Association of Nef with M6B was supported by confocal microscopic studies in Neuro-2A cells. Co-localisation of transiently expressed Nef-DsRed with endogenous M6B or transiently expressed GFP-M6B was found. Direct interaction between Nef and M6B could be demonstrated by fluorescence titration studies using recombinant Nef protein and M6B derived peptides. We found that the Nef binding determinant of M6B is contained in its cytoplasmic loop that is conserved among proteins of the PLP family.

Discussion

Nef binding to M6B and other members of the PLP family might interfere with function and/or localisation of the respective protein leading to severe consequences for the function of HIV infected cells. Our results are discussed with the known benefits of SRI (serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) treatments or the synergistic proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of exogenous opiate drugs during HIV infection.