Non-injected illicit drugs and alcohol and HIV-related high-risk sexual behaviors in a street-recruited sample of non-injecting drug users in New York City

Background

Unlike injecting drug use, non-injecting drug use has not been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the sexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. HIV-related high-risk sexual behaviors would be more prevalent among non-injecting cocaine users than non-users and among multidrug users than single drug users.

Methods

Among the Non-Injecting Drug Users (NIDUs) in the South Bronx and Harlem, New York City questionnaires were administered about the past use and within last three months use of crack cocaine and powder cocaine, alcohol, marijuana/hashish, and heroin and HIV-related sexual behaviors. Sexual behavior was summarized as a single variable, the Vaginal Equivalent Episode (VEE) score; VEE scores above and below the median were categorized as high and low sexual risk respectively.

Results

Among 264 NIDUs who completed the questionnaires, 132(84 males, 48 females) used crack cocaine, 139 (101 males, 38 females) powder cocaine, 194 (140 males, 54 females) marijuana/hashish, and 110 (71 males, 39 females) heroin in the last three months. In a model that controlled for age and sex, only powder cocaine was associated with HIV-related sexual behaviors (recent use AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.19-2.93; past use AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.08-5.81). High-risk sexual behaviors were also more common among the users of all four drugs studied than among users of only one (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.05-2.13).

Discussion

Like some earlier studies, the present study found cocaine to be strongly correlated with high-risk sexual behaviors. Future research is needed on the mechanisms of that association and on the association of the use of other non-injecting illicit drugs with HIV-related sexual behaviors. The results also support the promotion of HIV preventive measures, such as condoms, among sexually active NIDUs.