Table 1 HIV-1 viral cycle in classically activated M1, alternatively activated M2 and deactivated macrophages
From: The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: From activation to deactivation?
Viral cycle target | M1 macrophages | M2 macrophages | Deactivated macrophages | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry | Decreased | * CD4 downregulation: TNFα, IL1β, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-18 | Decreased | * CXCR4 downregulation: IL-4, IL-13 | Decreased | * CCR5 downregulation: IFNβ |
|  |  | * CCR5 downregulation: TNFα, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-2, RANTES, IFNγ, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-16, IL-15 |  | * CCR5 downregulation IL-13 | Increased | * CCR5 upregulation: IL-10, M-CSF |
| Â | Â | * fusion block: RANTES | Â | * CD4 downregulation IL-13 | Â | Â |
Reverse transcription | No effect reported |  | Decreased | * Block of RT: IL-13 | Decreased | * Block of RT: IL-10, IFNα/β |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | * Inhibition of RT synthesis: TGFβ |
Transcription | Increased | *Transactivation of HIV-1 LTR: TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-18 | Decreased + | * Block of HIV-1 LTR transactivation: IL-4, IL-13 | Decreased | * Block of HIV-1 LTR activation ++ |
Post transcription | Decreased | * Inhibition of viral assembly and budding: IFNγ, IL-18 (via IFNγ release), | No effect reported |  | Decreased | * Inhibition of viral assembly: IL-10 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | * Inhibition of viral budding: IFNα/β, IL-27 (via IFNα release) |