Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of HIV-1 latency

Retrovirology

Table 1 Mechanisms of latency establishment

Mechanisms associated with latency	Evidence for a role in establishing latency in:
Mechanisms associated with latency	Cell line models^a	Primary cell models^a
Transcriptional interference	Yes^b [68, 102, 104]	Yes [97]
Limiting transcription factors	Yes [81, 84, 106]*	Yes [81]
Limiting P-TEFb	?^c	Yes [69, 109]
Transcriptional repressors	?	?
Histone deacetylation	Yes [113]	Yes [69]
Histone deacetylation	No^d [81]	Yes [69]
Histone methylation	Yes [111, 112, 114, 115]	Yes [69]
DNA methylation	No [81]	?
Nucleosome positioning	Yes [117]	?
Insufficient Tat activity	Yes [82, 83, 113, 114, 121]	Yes [69]
Insufficient mRNA nuclear export	?	Yes [3]
Insufficient mRNA splicing	?	Yes [4]
miRNA	?	?
Homeostatic proliferation	?	?

^a Only studies that explicitly examined the establishment of latency are included.
^b Yes: This mechanism has been shown to influence the establishment of latency.
^c ?: The effects of this mechanism on the establishment of latency have not been studied.
^d No: This mechanism has been shown to not influence the establishment of latency.
^* In [106] transcription factors may not be limiting, but altered the establishment of latency.

ISSN: 1742-4690