Table 1 List of some studies in support and absence of HIV infection of astrocytes

[159]^d

1987

Y

HIV Ags were detected in Adult AIDS human brains by IHC

[160]^a

1987

Y

HIV Ags detected from Adult AIDS patients and evidence of virus budding

[161]^a

1994

Y

HIV Ags and nucleic acids from pediatric AIDS patients using IHC and HIV DNA/RNA in situ hybridization

[162]

1995

Y

HIV mRNAs and proteins detected in HIV + brains, with or without dementia, and HIV mRNAs correlated with dementia

[54]

1995

Y

In vitro studies, human fetal astrocytes infected by free virus and more efficiently in co-cultures with T-tropic infected T cells

[163]

1996

Y/N

Cell free HIV infection is limited and enhanced by co-culture with infected monocytes/macrophages

[164]^c

1998

Y

In vitro and in vivo studies in macaques. In vitro, adult macaque astrocytes infected by SIVmac251. In vivo, evidence of infection and ex vivo SIV + astrocyte reactivated by cytokines

[61]

1999

Y

In vitro infection of human astrocytes and visualization by microscopy of virions in clathrin-coated pits and cytoplasmic vacuoles

[165]

2000

Y/N

Adult macaque astrocytes infected with SIVmac251 show early transcripts/proteins, restriction not limited by HIV nef,and virus not reactivated by cytokines

[166]

2001

Y/N

Low level of infection determined using SVG-A, a simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed human astrocyte cell that is overcome by overcoming HIV entry requirement

[94]

2001

Y

Human fetal astrocytes infected with VSV-G pseudotyped virus shows productive infection than lower level over time

[75]^a

2003

Y

Pediatric and adult human LCM captured astrocytes tested for HIV by IHC and HIV DNA PCR

[88]^c

2003

Y

Macaque astrocytes show SIV infection in acute and chronic disease by CCR-5 virus

[156]^a

2004

Y

HIV envelope (V3 region( is distinct) from LCM captured astrocytes than monocytes/,macrophages

[62]

2004

Y

In vitro studies of primary human fetal astrocyte and astrocytoma cell lines demonstrating use of mannose receptor for HIV entry, visualized by transmission electron microscopy,

[167]^a

2006

Y

LCM captured astrocytes from human brains with varying degrees of HAND, show integrated HIV DNA in all categories of HAND tested and with higher level when adjacent to macrophages

[103]

2007

Y

Progenitor-derived astrocytes demonstrate low level of HIV productive infection

[90]

2011

Y

Low level of HIV in human astrocytes is enhance by IFNγ through blocking of Wnt/signaling

[168]

2011

Y

Low level of infection modeled in human fetal astrocytes and SIV infected macaques

[106]

2012

Y

Low level of transcriptional activity of HIV demonstrated in primary human fetal astrocytes and astrocytoma cell line expressing HIV-LTR, promoter induced by disruption of Wnt/β-catenin signaling

[84]

2014

Y

HIV LTR in human fetal astrocytes is under epigenetic regulation (class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) and a lysine-specific histone methyltransferase, SU(VAR)3–9)

[169]

2014

Y

Rapid infection of HIV then a decline and use of CD81 for HIV entry into astrocytes

[170]

2015

Y

HIV from infected primary human fetal astrocytes is infectious and transmits virus to lymphocytes in vitro

[55]

2015

Y

Visualization of HIV transfer from T cells to astrocytes

[171]

2015

Y

protein kinase C agonist reversing HIV latency in astrocytes

[70]

2017

N

A fusion reporter assay does not show HIV fusion to astrocytes or productive infection

[87]

2018

Y

Non-proliferating astrocytes sustained long term infection of HIV. Latently infected cells were not inducible

[172]

2019

Y

Lately infected human astrocytes

[91]^d

2019

N

Astrocytes from cART suppressed brains are not positive for HIV DNA measured by DNAscope (caveat to study rebutted elsewhere)

[173]

2019

Y

In vitro HIV infection of human astrocytes, with or without Morphine

[85]^ab

2020

Y

Integrated HIV DNA from maximally suppressed donors shows infection frequency of 0.4–5.2% integrated HIV gag DNA and 2–7% are HIV gag mRNA positive Xenotransplanted HIV infected astrocytes into humanized mice demonstrates HIV replication in astrocytes and ability to transfer virus from brain to other peripheral organs through immune cells

[56]

2020

Y

Productive HIV replication and integrated proviral DNA detected from in vitro infected astrocytes

[174]

2020

Y

A pseudotyped doubly labeled fluorescent reporter red/green (R/G)-HIV-1 shows two patterns of infected astrocytes, those that are restricted and resistant to reactivation, and those that are actively infected and inducible

[175]^a

2021

Y

Brains from cART suppressed donors show astrocytic integrated HIV DNA. In vitro HIV infected human primary astrocyte show low level of astrocytic HIV integrated DNA and latency without cART

[176]

2021

Y

Latently-infected human astrocytes in vitro

[177]

2022

Y

Generation of adult astrocytic cell line that are HIV-infected demonstrate HIV provirus in adult astrocytes