From: HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules
CA mutation | Phenotype | Location | References |
---|---|---|---|
Q4R | Decreased CPSF6 binding Renders an IFN-hypersensitive virus resistant to IFN-β Accelerates both reverse transcription and uncoating | β-hairpin | |
R18G | Defects in reverse transcription and infectivity Loss of IP6 binding | Helix 1 | [24] |
P38A | Hypostable core | Helix 2 | |
E45A | Hyperstable core Cell cycle dependency | Helix 2 | |
N57A | Loss of CPSF6 binding Loss of PF74 sensitivity Cell cycle dependency | Helix 3 | [22] |
Q63A/Q67A | Hypostable core Cell cycle dependency | Helix 4 | |
N74D | Loss of CPSF6 binding Replication defect in macrophages MX2 resistance Integrates into gene-poor regions Utilization of non-canonical nuclear entry pathway Higher sensitivity to IFN-α Stimulates a type I IFN response in macrophages Sensitive to restriction by TRIM34 | Helix 4 | [93] |
A77V | Loss of CPSF6 binding Integrates into gene-poor regions | Helix 4 | [199] |
H87Q | Naturally occurring polymorphism Reduced CypA binding Renders HIV-1 independent from CypA MX2 resistance | Cyclophilin A binding loop | [113] |
G89V | Loss of CypA binding MX2 resistance Higher sensitivity to IFN-α | Cyclophilin A binding loop | [113] |
P90A | Loss of CypA binding Higher sensitivity to human TRIM5α MX2 resistance Stimulates type I IFN response in primary macrophages | Cyclophilin A binding loop | [110] |
A92E | CsA dependency Cell cycle dependency | Cyclophilin A binding loop | [140] |
G94D | CsA dependency Cell cycle dependency | Cyclophilin A binding loop | [140] |
G116A | Naturally occurring polymorphism Increases infectivity in simian cells MX2 resistance | Helix 6 | [240] |
R132K/L136M | CTL escape mutations CsA dependency Cell cycle dependency | Helix 7 | [146] |
R143A | Resistance to TRIM-NUP153 Unable to stimulate cGAS-dependent innate immune activation in THP-1 cells | Helix 7 | |
K182R | Reduced CPSF6 binding | Helix 9 | |
Q219A | Hypostable core Cell cycle dependency | Helix 11 |