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Table 1 List of well characterized capsid mutants

From: HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules

CA mutation

Phenotype

Location

References

Q4R

Decreased CPSF6 binding

Renders an IFN-hypersensitive virus resistant to IFN-β

Accelerates both reverse transcription and uncoating

β-hairpin

[139, 221]

R18G

Defects in reverse transcription and infectivity

Loss of IP6 binding

Helix 1

[24]

P38A

Hypostable core

Helix 2

[22, 61]

E45A

Hyperstable core

Cell cycle dependency

Helix 2

[22, 61]

N57A

Loss of CPSF6 binding

Loss of PF74 sensitivity

Cell cycle dependency

Helix 3

[22]

Q63A/Q67A

Hypostable core

Cell cycle dependency

Helix 4

[22, 61]

N74D

Loss of CPSF6 binding

Replication defect in macrophages

MX2 resistance

Integrates into gene-poor regions

Utilization of non-canonical nuclear entry pathway

Higher sensitivity to IFN-α

Stimulates a type I IFN response in macrophages

Sensitive to restriction by TRIM34

Helix 4

[93]

A77V

Loss of CPSF6 binding

Integrates into gene-poor regions

Helix 4

[199]

H87Q

Naturally occurring polymorphism

Reduced CypA binding

Renders HIV-1 independent from CypA

MX2 resistance

Cyclophilin A binding loop

[113]

G89V

Loss of CypA binding

MX2 resistance

Higher sensitivity to IFN-α

Cyclophilin A binding loop

[113]

P90A

Loss of CypA binding

Higher sensitivity to human TRIM5α

MX2 resistance

Stimulates type I IFN response in primary macrophages

Cyclophilin A binding loop

[110]

A92E

CsA dependency

Cell cycle dependency

Cyclophilin A binding loop

[140]

G94D

CsA dependency

Cell cycle dependency

Cyclophilin A binding loop

[140]

G116A

Naturally occurring polymorphism

Increases infectivity in simian cells

MX2 resistance

Helix 6

[240]

R132K/L136M

CTL escape mutations

CsA dependency

Cell cycle dependency

Helix 7

[146]

R143A

Resistance to TRIM-NUP153

Unable to stimulate cGAS-dependent innate immune activation in THP-1 cells

Helix 7

[22, 61]

K182R

Reduced CPSF6 binding

Helix 9

[188, 189]

Q219A

Hypostable core

Cell cycle dependency

Helix 11

[22, 61]