Fig. 1

Autophagy restricts HIV replication in Jurkat and primary CD4⁺ T cells. A, B Jurkat cells and E, F primary CD4⁺ T cells were infected with HIV-1 NL4-3 or NL4-3 Δnef and treated with rapamycin (6.5 μM) for 3 days. Supernatants were collected at each time point and were analyzed by p24 antigen-capture ELISA to determine relative viral replication. Jurkat cells (C, D) and primary CD4⁺ T cells (G, H) were infected with HIV-1 NL4-3 or NL4-3 Δnef and treated with DMSO, rapamycin (6.5 μM) or rapamycin and 3-MA (3 mM) for 6 h. Next, supernatants were collected and analyzed by p24 antigen-capture ELISA to determine relative viral replication. Data represents the mean and SEM of three independent replicates and significantly different values are indicated by asterisks (*P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001). Cell lysates from Jurkat cells (B, D) and primary CD4⁺ T cells (F, H) were analyzed by western blotting for Gag/p55, LC3-I/LC3-II and ACTB (β-actin) for each time point. Blots are representative of three independent experiments