Fig. 8
Myricetin antagonizes the infection-enhancing properties of human seminal fluid (SE-F). a Seminal amyloid fibril formation was antagonized by myricetin in a dose-dependent manner. SE-F samples containing myricetin (200, 100 or 0 μg/ml) were agitated at 1400 rpm at 37 °C for 8 h. Fibril integrity at the indicated time points (0, 4 and 8 h) was assessed using ThT fluorescence. b Seminal fibril samples (1:5 dilution) in the presence or absence of myricetin (20 and 40 μg/ml) at various time points (0, 4 and 8 h), as visualized by TEM. The scale bar is 200 nm. c Myricetin inhibited the assembly and attachment of HIV-1 virions to seminal fibrils by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The scale bar is 5 µm. The infection-enhancing properties of SE-F on HIV-1SF162 (d) and HIV-1NL4-3 (e) infection were attenuated by myricetin. SE-F samples were incubated with myricetin at various concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25 and 0 μg/ml) for 1 h. After centrifugation, the pellets were dissolved in fresh medium at a final dilution of 1:40 and incubated with various HIV-1 infectious clones. Luciferase activities were measured at 72 h post-infection. Average values (± SD) were calculated from triplicate measurements; the data shown represent one representative trial of three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc multiple comparisons test was used to statistically analyze differences between samples containing SE-F alone and samples containing SE-F and myricetin (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)