Fig. 3From: The HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax is modified by the ubiquitin related modifier 1 (Urm1)Urm1 augments Tax-induced transcriptional upregulation of NF-ĸB target genes. a, b The mRNA levels of Rantes and IL-6, both known as transcriptional targets of NF-ĸB, are dramatically increased in HeLa cells expressing Tax together with Urm1, as compared with cells expressing Tax alone. Quantitative RT-PCR, where the levels of Rantes (a) and IL-6 (b) mRNA are normalized against the housekeeping gene GAPDH, P < 0.001. c Comparison of the subcellular localization of interaction events between Urm1 and Tax, in relation to complex formation involving Tax and ubiquitin, versus Tax and SUMO-1, visualized using proximity ligation assay in HuT102 cells. d Treatment of HuT102 cells with arsenic/IFN counteracts the Urm1-depentent cytoplasmic shuttling of Tax, resulting in an increased accumulation of Tax1-Urm protein complexes in the nucleus, n = 42, P < 0.001Back to article page