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Fig. 2 | Retrovirology

Fig. 2

From: HIV-1 Vpu utilizes both cullin-RING ligase (CRL) dependent and independent mechanisms to downmodulate host proteins

Fig. 2

HIV-1 Vpu utilizes both cullin dependent and independent mechanisms to downregulate host proteins. a Primary CD4+ T cells were either mock infected or infected at an MOI of 1 with DHIVGFP(Vpu+Nef−) or DHIVGFP(Vpu−Nef−). 2 days post infection, either DMSO or increasing concentrations of MLN4924 were added to cell cultures. 24 h later, surface expression of CD4, BST-2, CCR7 or NTB-A was analyzed by flow cytometry. Histograms depict a comparison of GFP negative (blue line) and GFP positive (red line) cells along with an IgG isotype control (gray shaded histogram). Unless otherwise noted, all experiments involving primary CD4+ T cells are representative of three separate experiments performed in three different healthy donors. b Relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of surface expression of CD4, BST-2, CCR7 or NTB-A from DHIVGFP(Vpu+Nef−) infected cells (a). Data was normalized by setting the MFI values from uninfected (mock) cells to 100% and is depicted graphically as ±SEM. Unless otherwise noted, all experiments including statistics were performed through a pairwise Student’s t test comparing GFP positive and GFP negative cells to assess significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

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