Figure 2

HERV transcription profiles of HIV-1 infected cell lines examined by a retrovirus-specific microarray. False color mapping was used for image visualization. The house keeping genes ubiquitin, glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) served as a quality control and internal standard. HIV-1 oligonucleotides are also spotted on the chip as a positive control and to demonstrate HIV-1 infection. HERVs are grouped in class I, II and III elements. It should be noted that each positive spot on the microarray can represent multiple HERV proviruses of one multicopy HERV subgroup with sufficient sequence similarity that individual elements cannot be distinguished. (A) Comparison of persistently HIV-1 infected cell lines with the corresponding uninfected cell lines. Up-regulated HERV subgroups are indicated by red letters. HERV subgroups marked with a green asterisk were additionally analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Comparison of de novo HIV-1 infected LC5-RIC cells with uninfected cells.