Figure 4
Persistence of V3 variants and evolutionary intermediates. A. Time line with rainbow colors indicates timing of samples (black dots, clonal sequences; P, pyrosequences), CD4% (black line) and log10 plasma viral load at one time point (an orange dot), relative to age/length of infection in years. B. ML tree of conventional sequences (sequence number: red – 10, yellow – 15, green – 8, blue - 17) with most recent common ancestral nodes (anc) labeled for different lineages (green circles). Scale: 0.02 nucleotide substitutions/site. Symbols: ovals, plasma RNA sequences; rectangles, cell-associated DNA sequences. Size of symbols: relative abundance of sequences in the population. Colors: timing of samples. Asterisks on branches: significant approximate likelihood-ratio test (* >0.75, ** >0.90). C. ML tree combining longitudinal conventional and single-time point pyrosequences with anc nodes marked for different lineages (green circles: the same anc nodes as in panel B; red circles: additional anc nodes when pyrosequences filled in the phylogenetic landscape). Black symbols: represent pyrosequences clustered at 3% distance with symbol shapes indicating proportion of sequences in each cluster: empty circle ≤ 0.25%; black inverted triangle, > 0.25% to 1%; black square, > 1% to 10%; star, > 10%. Brackets with “b”: clustering of cell associated viral variants by pyrosequencing with clonal plasma viral variants from a later time point. Red circle: colocalization of cell-associated virus from near birth with a subset of pyrosequences in cells 4.5 years later. D. Most recent common ancestors (MRCA) on ML tree of panel C. Anc1, anc2 and anc3: the same ancestral nodes on ML tree in panel B. Anc2’ and anc3’: additional ancestral nodes when pyrosequences fill in the evolutionary landscape. Numbers: amino acid positions relative to HIV-1HXB2 gp160 [36]. NOTE. MRCA analysis was not performed on S1 data because only single amino acid changes occurred between ancestral nodes on the conventional ML tree.