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Table 1 Myeloid lineage cell types and their potential roles and proposed mechanisms in HIV-1 latency

From: HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells: viral latency and reservoirs

Cell types

Primary Locations

Cellular markers

Potential role in HIV latency and proposed mechanisms

References

Monocytes

Peripheral blood

CD14++

or CD16+CD14+

YES, but possibly mainly in CD16+ cells

• Restricted HIV-1 replication at different steps of viral life-cycle

• Low molecular weight APOBEC3G (CD16+ only)

• Low level or undetectable Cyclin T1

• Impaired phosphorylation of CDK9

[10–12, 87–92, 94]

Macrophages

Mucosal surface/tissues

CD14-

EMR1+

CD68+

NO

• High level Cyclin T1

• Phosphorylation of CDK9 and active P-TEFb

[14, 18, 94, 97]

Myeloid DCs

Peripheral blood (immature)

Lymph node (mature)

CD11c+

CD123-

BDCA1+

YES

• Low level virus replication

• Lymph node biopsies reveal presence

• Unknown mechanism

[101, 107, 112]

Plasmacytoid DCs

Peripheral blood (immature)

Lymph node (mature)

CD11c-

CD123+

BDCA2+

BDCA4+

Unlikely

• Inhibiting HIV-1 replication through the secretion of IFNα and an unidentified small molecule

• Unknown mechanism

[49, 50, 101]

Langerhans cells

Mucosal surface and epidermal tissue

CD1a+

Langerin+

Unlikely

• Langerin inhibits virus transmission and enhances virus take-up and degradation

• May act differently in co-infections

[40, 41, 113]

  1. EMR1, epidermal growth factor module-containing mucin-like receptor 1 (a G-protein coupled receptor); BDCA, blood DC antigen.