Figure 3
From: LEDGINs inhibit late stage HIV-1 replication by modulating integrase multimerization in the virions
Characterization of the replication defect induced by LEDGIN treatment. (A) Viral gRNA and total RNA extract of the respective producer cells as quantified by RT-qPCR. Mean values ± standard deviations of triplicate measurements from two experiments are shown. (B, C) Morphology of viral particles produced from HuT78IIIB cells grown in the presence of DMSO, raltegravir, CX05045 or ritonavir. (B) Representative TEM overview images are presented. (C) TEM images exemplifying regular and aberrant particle morphology in the LEDGIN treated sample. (D) The particles were classified and quantified according to their morphology in thin section EM. The percentage was calculated relative to the total number of particles analyzed (200–400 particles per condition). The ritonavir-treated sample contained > 90% immature particles (not shown). (E, F) Western blot analysis of viral proteins in HuT78IIIB producer cells or the corresponding cell-free viruses produced in the presence of the indicated compounds. β-tubulin was used as loading control. Scale bars represent 500 nm.