Figure 3From: Efficient BST2 antagonism by Vpu is critical for early HIV-1 dissemination in humanized miceInfection of hu-mice with supra physiological dose of HIV-1- ∆ Vpu does not overcome BST2 restriction on early viral propagation. Hu-mice were infected with an inoculum containing 100-fold more (compared to low dose) infectious HIV-1-WT or HIV-1-∆Vpu and bled at 3, 7, 14 and 21-dpi. (A) shows RNA copy number/ml of plasma (log10 values) at indicated time points in hu-mice infected with HIV-1-WT or HIV-1 ∆Vpu virus (n = 5). The horizontal broken line depicts the detection limit of the viral load assay as in the Figure 1. (B) Frequency of p24+ T cells at 21-dpi in spleen of hu-mice infected with HIV-1-WT or HIV-1-∆Vpu (n ≥ 4). (C) Impact of Vpu on BST2, CD4 and NTB-A levels on p24- and p24+ T cells from individual hu-mouse infected with the indicated HIV-1 virus. (D) Comparison of relative BST2 levels on p24+ and p24- T cells from spleen of hu-mice inoculated with the indicated HIV-1 virus at 21 dpi (MFI on p24- T cells = 100%; n ≥ 4). (E) Bar graph for relative NTB-A down regulation on p24+ T cells compared to p24- T cells from hu-mice infected with the indicated HIV-1 virus at 21dpi. Error bars represent SD; *, p ≤ 0.05; N.S.: not significant.Back to article page