Fig. 3
Nef functional evolution over time. Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation (a), HLA downregulation (b) and SERINC5 downregulation (c) over time. d Western blot of each year’s maximally functioning Nef clone along with cellular β-actin level. Empty pSELECT-GFP (∆Nef) and pSELECT-GFP vector with SF2NEF served as negative and positive controls respectively. e Nef western blot intensities, normalized to that of cellular β-actin levels, over time