Host hindrance to HIV-1 replication in monocytes and macrophages

Retrovirology

Table 1 Restrictions that limit HIV-1 replication in monocytes and macrophages.

Monocytes
Restriction mechanism	Replication step affected	Ref.
APOBEC3G APOBEC3A	Reverse transcription	[40]
Vpx counteracted factor	Post-entry Reverse transcription	[53]
miRNA-198	Transcription (down-modulation of CycT1)	[59]
miRNAs	Viral mRNA	[62]
Macrophages
Restriction mechanism	Replication step affected	Ref.
CCR5 down-regulation, Δ CCR5	Entry	[15, 95–97]
p21	Reverse transcription Integration	[111, 118]
16 kDa C/EBPβ	Transcription	[145, 153–155]
CTIP2	Transcription	[159]
TRIM22	Transcription? Budding and release?	[121–123]
PPAR	Post-integration (?)	[204, 205]
uPA	Post-translation, release?	[162, 163, 168]

ISSN: 1742-4690